Different parts of the oriental world Free Essays

Different parts of the oriental world have been mentioned as the probable locality of the first appearance of the plague or pestilence known as the â€Å"black death,† but its origin is most generally referred to China, where, at all events, it raged violently about 1333, when it was accompanied at its outbreak by terrestrial and atmospheric phenomena of a destructive character, such as are said to have attended the first appearance of Asiatic cholera and other spreading and deadly diseases; from which it has been conjectured that through these convulsions deleterious foreign substances may have been projected into the atmosphere. But while for centuries the nature and causes of the black death have been subjects of medical inquiry in all countries, it remained for our own time to discover a more scientific explanation than those previously advanced. The malady is now identified by pathologists with the bubonic plague, which at intervals still afflicts India and other oriental lands, and has in recent years been a cause of apprehension at more than one American seaport. We will write a custom essay sample on Different parts of the oriental world or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is called bubonic – from the Greek boubon (â€Å"groin†) – because it attacks the lymphatic glands of the groins, armpits, neck, and other parts of the body. Among its leading symptoms are headache, fever, vertigo, vomiting, prostration, etc. , with dark purple spots or a mottled appearance upon the skin. Death in severe cases usually occurs within forty-eight hours. Bacteriologists are now generally agreed that the disorder is due to a bacillus identified by investigators both in India and in western countries. The first historic appearance of the black death in Europe was at Constantinople, A. D. 543. But far more widespread and terrible were its ravages in the fourteenth century, when they were almost world-wide. Of the dreadful visitation in Europe then, we are fortunate to have the striking account of Dr. Hecker, which follows. The name â€Å"black death† was given to the disease in the more northern parts of Europe – from the dark spots on the skin above mentioned – while in Italy it was called la mortalega grande (â€Å"the great mortality†). From Italy came almost the only credible accounts of the manner of living, and of the ruin caused among the people in their more private life, during the pestilence; and the subjoined account of what was seen in Florence is of special interest as being from no less an eye-witness than Boccaccio. Text The nature of the first plague in China is unknown. We have no certain intelligence of the disease until it entered the western countries of Asia. Here it showed itself as the oriental plague with inflammation of the lungs; in which form it probably also may have begun in China – that is to say, as a malady which spreads, more than any other, by contagion; a contagion that in ordinary pestilences requires immediate contact, and only under unfavorable circumstances of rare occurrence is communicated by the mere approach to the sick. The share which this cause had in the spreading of the plague over the whole earth was certainly very great; and the opinion that the black death might have been excluded from Western Europe, by good regulations, similar to those which are now in use, would have all the support of modern experience, provided it could be proved that this plague had been actually imported from the East; or that the oriental plague in general, whenever it appears in Europe, has its origin in Asia or Egypt. Such a proof, however, can by no means be produced so as to enforce conviction. The plague was, however, known in Europe before nations were united by the bonds of commerce and social intercourse; hence there is ground for supposing that it sprung up spontaneously, in consequence of the rude manner of living and the uncultivated state of the earth; influences which peculiarly favor the origin of severe diseases. We need not go back to the earlier centuries, for the fourteenth itself, before it had half expired, was visited by five or six pestilences. If, therefore, we consider the peculiar property of the plague, that in countries which it has once visited it remains for a long time in a milder form, and that the epidemic influences of 1342, when it had appeared for the last time, were particularly favorable to its unperceived continuance, till 1348, we come to the notion that in this eventful year also, the germs of plague existed in Southern Europe, which might be vivified by atmospherical deteriorations. Thus, at least in part, the black plague may have originated in Europe itself. The corruption of the atmosphere came from the East; but the disease itself came not upon the wings of the wind, but was only excited and increased by the atmosphere where it had previously existed. This source of the black plague was not, however, the only one; for, far more powerful than the excitement of the latent elements of the plague by atmospheric influences was the effect of the contagion communicated from one people to another, on the great roads, and in the harbors of the Mediterranean. From China, the route of the caravans lay to the north of the Caspian Sea, through Central Asia to Tauris. Here ships were ready to take the produce of the East to Constantinople, the capital of commerce and the medium of connection between Asia, Europe, and Africa. Other caravans went from India to Asia Minor, and touched at the cities south of the Caspian Sea, and lastly from Bagdad, through Arabia to Egypt; also the maritime communication on the Red Sea, from India to Arabia and Egypt, was not inconsiderable. In all these directions contagion made its way; and doubtless Constantinople and the harbors of Asia Minor are to be regarded as the foci of infection; whence it radiated to the most distant seaports and islands. To Constantinople the plague had been brought from the northern coast of the Black Sea, after it had depopulated the countries between those routes of commerce and appeared as early as 1347, in Cyprus, Sicily, Marseilles, and some of the seaports of Italy. The remaining islands of the Mediterranean, particularly Sardinia, Corsica, and Majorca, were visited in succession. Foci of contagion existed also in full activity along the whole southern coast of Europe; when, in January, 1348, the plague appeared in Avignon, and in other cities in the South of France and North of Italy, as well as in Spain. The precise days of its eruption in the individual towns are no longer to be ascertained; but it was not simultaneous; for in Florence the disease appeared in the beginning of April; in Cesena, the 1st of June; and place after place was attacked throughout the whole year; so that the plague, after it had passed through the whole of France and Germany, where, however, it did not make its ravages until the following year, did not break out till August in England; where it advanced so gradually that a period of three months elapsed before it reached London. The northern kingdoms were attacked by it in 1349; Sweden, indeed, not until November of that year, almost two years after its eruption in Avignon. Poland received the plague in 1349, probably from Germany, if not from the northern countries; but in Russia it did not make its appearance until 1351, more than three years after it had broken out in Constantinople. Instead of advancing in a northwesterly direction from Tauris and from the Caspian Sea, it had thus made the great circuit of the Black Sea, by way of Constantinople, Southern and Central Europe, England, the northern kingdoms and Poland, before it reached the Russian territories; a phenomenon which has not again occurred with respect to more recent pestilences originating in Asia. We have no certain measure by which to estimate the ravages of the black plague. Let us go back for a moment to the fourteenth century. He not only protected the Jews at Avignon, as far as lay in his power, but also issued two bulls in which he declared them innocent, and he admonished all Christians, though without success, to cease from such groundless persecutions. The emperor Charles IV was also favorable to them, and sought to avert their destruction wherever he could; but he dared not draw the sword of justice, and even found himself obliged to yield to the selfishness of the Bohemian nobles, who were unwilling to forego so favorable an opportunity of releasing themselves from their Jewish creditors, under favor of an imperial mandate. Duke Albert of Austria burned and pillaged those of his cities which had persecuted the Jews – a vain and inhuman proceeding which, moreover, is not exempt from the suspicion of covetousness; yet he was unable, in his own fortress of Kyberg, to protect some hundreds of Jews, who had been received there, from being barbarously burned by the inhabitants. Several other princes and counts, among whom was Ruprecht of the Palatinate, took the Jews under their protection, on the payment of large sums; in consequence of which they were called â€Å"Jew-masters,† and were in danger of being attacked by the populace and by their powerful neighbors. These persecuted and ill-used people – except, indeed, where h How to cite Different parts of the oriental world, Papers

Folsom Prison Blues Case Study Click Now to Get Solution

Question: Write an essay on Folsom Prison Blues? Answer: Introduction: The Folsom Prison Blues by Johnny Cash has been regarded as one of the most influential and one of the most popular musical recordings of the late 60s era. This immense popularity and appeal of the Folsom Prison Blues by Johnny Cash can be attributed to the contribution it provide to the popular American country music as well as to the broader cultural, social and political contexts of the prevailing times (Widmaier, 2001). The manner in which the song sought to appeal to the feelings and emotional and mental stature of the prisoners of the Folsom prison and the manner in which Johnny Cash selected the Folsom prison as the destination for the presentation and the lyrics of the song along with the social and political context of the time and the life history of the singer helped carve out a niche of its own through the medium of the song and its appeal to the broader community. The prevailing social and cultural discourse ad the manner in which the popular American country music was u sed a source of entertainment merely have all been important aspects that have been targeted and sought to be changed by the medium of the Folsom Prison Blues by Johnny Cash. As a matter of fact, the life history of Johnny Cash and the social isolation he suffered as a result of his addiction to drugs and the larger social and political context that presented negative taboo or a feeling of isolation and indifference towards the prisoners or the ones regarded as being astray for the society have been very well presented through the medium of the song Folsom Prison Blues by Johnny Cash (Widmaier, 2001). This essay would seek to devolve the aspects of influence of the Folsom Prison Blues by Johnny Cash and the larger social, political and cultural perspective associated with the Folsom Prison Blues by Johnny Cash and the ways in which the singer sought to change the stereotypes and bring into effect a level of social change and change in perceptions about the prisoners lives. This essay would further strive to be to bring to the fore the aspects related to the influence of Johnny Cash and the ways in which the Folsom Prison Blues by Johnny Cash sought to be the representative of the new era in the American popular country song (Wicke and Cohen, 2002). Understanding the origin of important genres in Popular Music: The ways in which and the extent to which the Folsom Prison Blues by Johnny Cash influenced the American popular genre and sought to bring in a confluence between the folk song genres of train song and prison song is manifest in the immense popularity and uniqueness the song attributed in the subsequent times to have become one of the most remarkable song albums of the late 60s and to find a place in the top 100 music recordings of all time and inscribe its name in golden letters in the pages of history (Streissguth, 2004). The effect of the Folsom Prison Blues by Johnny Cash on the American popular genre can be further related to the change in attitudes and use of the American popular genre to have represented the elements of morale and spirit and to represent hope from despair and encourage the forbidden to live a life of dignity and freedom. The use of the American popular genre for the purpose of presenting the song ad a force and a medium of encouraging hope and belief on life have been the other remarkable features of the Folsom Prison Blues by Johnny Cash so far the American popular song genre is concerned (Smalley, et al. 1972). The broader contributions of the Folsom Prison Blues by Johnny Cash to the popular culture can be related to the ways the song sought to challenge the way the society relished the popular American song genre for the purpose of entertainment merely and the ways in which the society and the political system seem to turn a blind eye to the plight an sufferings of the prison ers and left to get rotten in the hands of destiny and solitude, frustration, confinement, sufferings, immense mental pressure. The life history of Johnny Cash, his days in the Air force Secret Services, and down to his days of drug addiction and the social and self-harm and solitude inflicted upon him along with the scene and mood of the environment and the prison where the music was to be performed made the platform for the song to be delivered along its treaded path as sign of unique, different from the rest and different account of the song to bring about changes in the social dynamics and change in the manner of thinking of the people (Silvio, 2002). The prevailing state of affairs with the increasing in the crime rates and the increase in the criminalization of the youth corresponding with the degradation of social and moral value have been reflected by the medium of the song Folsom Prison Blues by Johnny Cash. The use of the Folsom Prison as the venue for the presentation of the song Folsom Prison Blues by Johnny Cash, his own background and the broader social, cultural and political backdrop of the situation have been the factors that have immensely contributed to set the perfect tone for the launch of the song and the message that the song sough to communicate to the society through the representation of the emotions of the prisoners (Silvio, 2002). Exploring the relationship between Popular Music and social change: The excerpt from the Folsom Prison Blues that presents the mood of the song and the larger social, cultural and political stature and prevailing conditions can be understood well through the lines quoted I hear the train a comin' It's rollin' 'round the bend, And I ain't seen the sunshine Since, I don't know when I'm stuck in Folsom Prison And time keeps draggin' on But that train keeps a-rollin' On down to San Antone These lines present the frustration, confinement, melancholy and solitude of the lives of the prisoners and as a representative of the indifferent society the train treads along its path fast and impatient to reach its destinations with no regard for the prisoners rotting inside the prison in the hope that the train may take him out of the hell and let him live the numbered days of his life as a free man, but in vain (Hilburn, 2000). Explore the relationship between Popular Music and social change: The use of songs and music as a medium to bring about changes in the society has been for long regarded as highly appealing and potent force and this has been in active practice since the dawn of time when the soldiers would be made to listen encouraging tunes in order to urge and motivate them to charge the enemy in adverse conditions of war (Hartley and Schiaffini-Vedani, 2008). The role of music over the years has evolved and has been subjected to transformation trends and shifts in dynamics but the importance and vitality of songs have increased in the modern day. The use of songs and the influence of key artists in bringing about prominent social changes and changes in the manner of thinking of the people was rampant and prominent in the late60s as well as the Folsom Prison Blues by Johnny Cash serves to be a glaring example of the extent to which and the ways in which songs can influence the various facets of the society, the cultural and political discourses ad the manner of t he use of a particular genre and style of music (Grosch and Bloom, 2003). In the case of the Folsom Prison Blues by Johnny Cash the song has been used as a potent instrument to bring to effect significant changes and transformations in the society as well as the culture and political dynamics of the prevailing time when the album was launched in the late 60s. as a matter of fact, the Folsom Prison Blues by Johnny Cash provides the perfect platform for the future artists of the society and the ones working for the representation and the emancipation of the lives of the prisoners and through the medium of the Folsom Prison Blues, Johnny Cash was able to challenge the stereotypes and change the order of things prevailing in the society and culture of that given time (Forman, 1999). The use of the Folsom prison has been remarkable in the sense that probably for the first time the stage of the prison was set to experience a performance or an event that sought to present a musical event meant to appeal to the emotions of the prisoners and make them laugh and fil l them with positivity, hope and optimism, the elements that have been missing from the lives for long (Evans and Williams, 1973). Understanding the contribution of a key artist from 1900 to 1970: The accounts of some of the people who stood as witnesses to the event and to the mood, tone and scene of the environment, with prison guards with guns guarding the lobby and the corners of the hall, the mood of scene, the tension, apprehension and mental agony among the prisoners and the performers and the sense of uncertainty coupled with a sense of excitement set the stage for an event that would either see the Johnny Cash count back on life or absolutely lose it, incidentally, the same effects that the audience of that night experienced after the successful carrying out of the musical event (Crosby, 2004). The appeal and the essence of the strong message of the song in disguise was such that it rocked the society and the foundations of the stereotype as much as it did the outlook towards life of the prisoners that night and these are the most prominent treasons, apart from the aesthetic value of the Folsom Prison Blues by Johnny Cash, that had attributed the song the special stat us it still is remembered for. As a matter of fact, the influence of Folsom Prison Blues by Johnny Cash has been remarkable owing to the fact that the song sough to the break the conventional use of American popular song for the sole purpose of entertainment to have become a medium of force for instilling hope, positivity and a sense of optimism into the lives of the people who had given up on their lives and for who death seemed to e the only envisaged goal (Charosh and Finson, 1996). Moreover, the Folsom Prison Blues by Johnny Cash has been remembered through the decades also owing to the fact that the underlying message of the song as represented through the lines that are quoted under I bet there's rich folks eatin' In a fancy dining car They're probably drinkin' coffee And smokin' big cigars Well I know I had it comin' I know I can't be free But those people keep a-movin' And that's what tortures me Also sought to bring to the fore the indifferent and isolated lives of the elites of the society and the way in which the prisoners were seen as the astray of the society and whose futures belonged to the walls of confinement of the prisons and for who the prison was the home. The indifference and isolation and the neglect shown by what is regarded as the mainstream society has also been a matter that has been at the core of the song Folsom Prison Blues by Johnny Cash (Charosh, 1997). The impact of the Folsom Prison Blues by Johnny Cash in bringing about change and transformation in the society and the political and cultural dynamics of the society can be related to the underlying message and the appeal of the presentation of the song. Though mainly negative in approach, the Folsom Prison Blues by Johnny Cash has been remarkable owing to the hint of positivity it has been able to instill into a matter so negative and often considered a taboo about the lives of the prisoners. The emotions and the context reflected through the lines mentioned below helps understanding of the inner meaning of the song as it applies to the given case and the broader social, cultural and political context of the prevailing times of the late 60s (Cash, et al. 2004). Well, if they freed me from this prison If that railroad train was mine I bet I'd move it on a little Farther down the line Far from Folsom Prison That's where I want to stay And I'd let that lonesome whistle Blow my blues away Using of academic resources to evaluate the impact of this artist in detail: The relational approach adopted by the Johnny Cash reflected in the lines, When I was just a baby My Mama told me, "Son Always be a good boy Don't ever play with guns," But I shot a man in Reno Just to watch him die When I hear that whistle blowin' I hang my head and cry These lies present the aspect and the manner in which the song has represented the context and have also been another important facet of the influence of the Folsom Prison Blues by Johnny Cash on the given perspectives. The influence of the Folsom Prison Blues by Johnny Cash on the society and culture of the late 60s discourse of the use of American popular music and the use of train ad prison genre and folk music and the manner in which the two aspects have been brought into confluence in the Folsom Prison Blues by Johnny Cash has been another of the most striking features of the song by Johnny Cash and one of the many reasons for its prodigious popularity and marvelous success (Atkinson and Long-Wilgus, 2003). So far the association with prison song and depicting the life of solitary prisoner is concerned there have been quite some accounts of lyrics and songs that have been composed in the early 50s and late 60s. However, the Folsom Prison Blues by Johnny Cash has been able to carve a niche out of its own so far the appeal and the style of presentation amidst the tension and social and political discourse of the time with a marked era of criminalization of youth and the indifference meted out by the so called mainstream and the elite of the society has been a remarkable feat only a handful artists of that era have been able to achieve (Keillor, 2011). The appeal and popularity of Johnny Cash in his account Folsom Prison Blues can be related to the fact that the use of American popular music and the confluence between prison and train folk genre has been presented in a manner so as to appeal to the moral conscience of the people and lend attention towards the plight and sufferings of the prisoners who lay detached from the external world and from the mainstream society who reject them as being the degraders of the moral aesthetics and the calm of the society (Allen, 2009). Hence, the influence and the appeal of Folsom Prison Blues by Johnny Cash has been marked with a sense of being sensitive to the matters regarding which the society and the people, at large seem to be indifferent towards and the people who remain detached from our lives and even the discourses of the literature on the music and poems of the late 60s. As such, the influence of Folsom Prison Blues by Johnny Cash can be related to its aesthetics values, the effect o n the cultural and social dynamics of the time as well as today and also on the political context of the time the song was launched and the lyrics for the same prepared (Jennings, 2008). Conclusion: The account of the Folsom Prison Blues by Johnny Cash has been remarkable owing to the time of the launch of the song, the social, cultural and political aspects that prevailed at that time as well as the appeal and the message it sought to communicate to the audience. The life history of Johnny Cash, his addiction of drugs, the scene, mood and atmosphere at the Folsom prison on the night John Cash was supposed to perform and the response, reception and perception of the song, the singer and the people it was meant for that followed all had made the song remarkable in the history of American popular genre and made it claim its spot in the top 10 recordings of all time in the American popular music genre (Cash, et al. 2004). References: Allen, D. (2009). Tm At Folsom Prison: A Critique of Abrams and Siegel.Criminal Justice and Behavior, 6(1), pp.9-12. Atkinson, D. and Long-Wilgus, E. (2003). Naomi Wise: Creation, Re-Creation, and Continuity in an American Ballad Tradition.Lied und populre Kultur / Song and Popular Culture, 48, p.340. Cash, J., Cusic, D., Carter, E., Cash, R., Cash, J., Routh, J., Arnette, A., Cash, J., Winston, N., Atkins, J., Johnson, H., Carter, A. and Carter, M. (2004).Johnny Cash. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press. Charosh, P. (1997). Studying Nineteenth-Century Popular Song.American Music, 15(4), p.459. Charosh, P. and Finson, J. (1996). The Voices That Are Gone: Themes in Nineteenth-Century American Popular Song.American Music, 14(1), p.111. Crosby, I. (2004). Prison blues.Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 51(1), pp.25-26. Evans, D. and Williams, R. (1973). Robert Pete Williams: Those Prison Blues.Ethnomusicology, 17(3), p.595. Forman, S. (1999). A Right to Sing the Blues: African Americans, Jews, and American Popular Song (review).American Jewish History, 87(2), pp.243-245. Grosch, N. and Bloom, K. (2003). American Song: The Complete Companion to Tin Pan Alley Song.Lied und populre Kultur / Song and Popular Culture, 48, p.282. Hartley, L. and Schiaffini-Vedani, P. (2008).Modern Tibetan literature and social change. Durham: Duke University Press. Hilburn, R. (2000).Johnny Cash. Jennings, D. (2008).Sing me back home. New York: Faber and Faber. Keillor, G. (2011).Good poems, American places. New York: Viking. Silvio, T. (2002). Tears of Longing: Nostalgia and the Nation in Japanese Popular Song.American Ethnologist, 29(4), pp.1013-1014. Smalley, R., Henze, Yamash'ta, S., Takemitsu, and Davies, P. (1972). Prison Song.The Musical Times, 113(1558), p.1194. Streissguth, M. (2004).Johnny Cash at Folsom Prison. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press. Wicke, P. and Cohen, R. (2002). Rainbow Quest. The Folk Music Revival American Society, 1940-1970.Lied und populre Kultur / Song and Popular Culture, 47, p.220. Widmaier, T. (2001). Hitler Hell. American WarSongs 1933-1947.Lied und populre Kultur / Song and Popular Culture, p.266.

Ethical Industrial Engineering Ethics

Abstract Engineering is a vital profession in the society. This is because it has direct consequence on the quality of life for the society. Every engineer is expected to carry him or herself with the highest degree of integrity when discharging duties. In addition, engineering services need to consider public health and sustainable development.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Industrial Engineering Ethics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Failure to embrace this by past engineers led to the establishment of code of ethics that guide all engineers in their day to day execution of services. The code holds engineers accountable for their services and gives guideline on how they are expected to behave when discharging their duties. Introduction Background information Engineering ethics refer to a set of applied ethical and moral principles that dictate on performance of engineers. The ethics outline obligatio ns of engineers not only to the society but also to their customers and profession. Engineering profession became popular during 19th century. At this epoch, engineers saw themselves as autonomous practitioners working with big companies. It was hard for companies to manage or control their conduct bearing in mind that they immensely required their services (National Society of Professional Engineers, 2003, para.1). Conflict rose between employers and engineers as the former tried to gain control over engineers they employed. As the profession continued gaining power in United States, it led to emergence of four engineering societies. By this time, ethics were held on personal level and were not viewed to affect the engineering profession in any way. By the beginning of 20th century, numerous tragedies were reported due to poor engineering designs. Bridges collapsed as well as railway lines due to shoddy jobs done by engineers. This raised question about conduct of engineers and gre atly affected their reputation. To counter the situation and clean their image, engineering societies came up with code of ethics that was to govern their practices in the industry (American Society of Civil Engineers, 2000, pp. 4-8). The impacts of the tragedies called for engineers to be accountable for any damage suffered by the public due to their negligence. In addition, the society demanded that all engineers had to obtain license prior to them starting to work. To get the license, they had to have met several standards which comprised of skills, education and testing prerequisite (Layton, 1986, p. 72). Today, all engineers working in areas that pose a threat to the public, property, life and health are required to obtain licenses.Advertising Looking for essay on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are efforts to ensure that engineers uphold ethics as they discharge their duties. For instance, societies su ch as American Order of the Engineers and Canadian Iron Ring require their members to vow an oath to defend ethical conducts and they have a ring that acts as a reminder to the members. Generally, it is hard to come up with simple solutions on matters to do with ethical cases. However, measures are being put in place to help in getting clarity on ethical issues that engineers face in their day to day activities. Efforts are underway to fight corruption and bribery that is rampant in the engineering industry. Objectives Engineering field is a very vital entity in the society. It is hard for any country to develop without depending on services offered by engineers. The objective of this paper is to bring out ethical issues facing engineering field today and look at the established code of ethics that govern engineers. The paper also aims at bringing to the attention what is being done to ensure that the established code of ethics are upheld as well as the emerging ethical issues are d ealt with accordingly. Literature review The broad standards of code of ethics for engineers cut across the globe. Engineers are expected to ensure that they consider safety and health of the public as they discharge their duties. In addition, they are expected to ensure that they uphold the principle of equitable development. This principle was reached upon after the society suffered great damage in 19th century due to negligence by the engineers (Layton, 1986, pp. 83-91). Today, all engineers are held accountable for their work and any damage may lead to their licenses being revoked and or facing legal charges. To ensure that engineers are accountable for their work, they are only expected to offer services in areas that they are competent with. No one is expected to offer services on what he or she has not qualified for regardless of the nature of the service. Besides, engineers are expected to only accept to coordinate a project that they have certified to have been approved by a qualified engineer. Otherwise, they are expected to turndown such a request as it contravenes their code of ethics. As most customers hardly have knowledge in engineering, they are susceptible to exploitation by engineers. Therefore, engineers are presumed to be authentic to their clients and act as trustees. They are expected to make known all possible conflicts of interest that may lead to them offering substandard services (Petroski, 1985, pp. 137-145). Unless it has been agreed upon by all parties, engineers are not supposed to allow payment from more than one person for a single service.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Industrial Engineering Ethics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, they are not supposed to accept valuable rewards from parties that are not directly associated with the project being carried out. Accepting such rewards is deemed to be dishonest and may compromise the qual ity of their services. It is termed to be unethical for engineers to accept contract from government institutions on which a member of their society works. Due to the nature of their services and threats they pose, engineers are obliged not to give false information regarding their qualification in bid to be employed. They are required to always present factual information regarding their accomplishments, previous employers and associates when soliciting for employment. Engineers are not supposed to bribe, ask for a bribe or receive a bribe in order to manipulate reward of a contract by public institutions. This has been a major problem in United States where engineering societies have complained of losing millions of dollars to international engineering companies that bribe clients to be awarded contracts (American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011, p. 15). It is the duty of engineers to uphold high values of honesty and integrity. Accordingly, they are required to be accountab le for their work and not in any way make an attempt to distort facts. Rather than safeguarding their interests at the expense of clients and employers, engineers are bound to advise their clients on finding out that a project is not feasible (National Society of Professional Engineers, 2007, p. 5). They are expected to discuss with their employers before accepting outside employments which may adversely affect their current relationship. All information regarding technical processes or business transacted between an engineer and a client ought to remain confidential. No engineer is expected to disclose it. For an engineer to use such technical process or experience elsewhere, he also she has to seek permission from the former client. To partake in an adversary interest related to a previous project that an engineer had undertaken the engineer has to seek permission from the project’s owner (Harris, Pritchard Rabins, 2008, pp. 118-123). It is vital to mention here that engin eers are obliged to report to the relevant authority a potential risk to other engineers from an employer or customer who fails to follow guidelines stipulated by the engineers. Failure to report may lead to the respective engineer losing his or her license even if the project is completed without any incidence.Advertising Looking for essay on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Generally, engineers respond to this obligation by advising the affected customer or employer on potential dangers that may arise due to not following the provided guidelines. Engineers also take the initiative of ensuring that customers heed to their advices. If they realize that a customer is going on with a project without considering their advices, engineers report the case to the authority for measures to be taken. In case the authority fails to take action, engineers are left with no option but to make the issue public. This is referred to as whistleblowing (National Society of Professional Engineers, 2007, p. 12). Discussion Engineers ought to understand that their work is of great value to the society, thus execute their duties putting public’s interest at heart. To ensure sustainable development and environmental protection, engineers have to strive at increasing their awareness of the world as well as improving their skills and competence (Baura, 2006, p. 227). It i s unethical to carryout projects that pose a threat to the public and also to the environment despite the project’s return to the client and the engineer. Accordingly, it is the obligation of engineers to turn down such offers. It is the duty of every engineer to hold reputation of the career and guarantee its proper discharge. As more ethical issues in the engineering industry continue emerging, it is the duty of every engineer to continuously expand their knowledge, share it with others and offer chances for others to learn from them. This is by sharing their knowledge and experience with others in learning institutions and especially engineering students. Engineers should be ready to take responsibility for their work at all time (Baura, 2006, p. 53). Engineers who take advantage of customers who do not have knowledge in engineering should not be let to go away without being punished in the event of damage due to their work. At times, the damage that arises from structural work does not arise from errors committed by engineers who designed the project. Clients may fail to follow the established guidelines in the name of cutting down on operations cost or desire to finish the project faster (Mike Schinzinger, 1996, p. 104). Therefore, it is imperative that engineers monitor the projects they approve if they do not directly partake in their completion to ensure that they are properly done. Engineers should advise their clients accordingly on dangers of failing to follow the laid standards. This will not only safeguard their reputation but will also help clients in cutting down on operations cost. In case the clients do not take heed to the advice, the case has to be forwarded to the relevant authority or made public. The responsible engineer will be recognized by the public for his honesty and integrity even if the customer may become furious of his or her action. Conclusion Ethical conduct in engineering industry calls for all engineers to uphold hig h levels of honesty and integrity. They are not supposed to enrich themselves at the expense of the public and are held accountable for any damage resulting from their projects. To cope with emerging technological and environmental issues, engineers are encouraged to improve on their knowledge and experience as well as share the knowledge they have with others. It is the duty of every engineer to ensure that all projects are carried out in accordance with laid down procedures. On identifying that there is a diversion from the laid down procedures, engineers ought to bring it to the attention of customers and advise them on potential dangers. Engineers are supposed to determine the feasibility of the projects and advise their clients accordingly prior to their commencements. Reference List American Society of Civil Engineers. (2000). Standards of Professional Conduct. Reston, USA: American Society of Civil Engineers Press. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. (2011). Code of Eth ics of Engineers. Web. Baura, G. D. (2006). Engineering ethics: an industrial perspective. Burlington, USA: Elsevier Inc. Harris, C., Pritchard, M. S. Rabins, M. J. (2008). Engineering Ethics concepts and cases. California: Wadsworth Publishing. Layton, E. (1986). The Revolt of the Engineers: Social Responsibility and the American Engineering Profession. Baltimore, USA: The Johns Hopkins University Press. Mike, M. W. Schinzinger, R. (1996). Ethics in Engineering (3rd ed). New York: McGraw Hill. National Society of Professional Engineers. (2003). Code of Ethics for Engineers. Web. National Society of Professional Engineers. (2007). Code of Ethics. Alexandria, USA: National Society of Professional Engineers Press. Petroski, H. (1985). To Engineer is Human: the Role of Failure in Successful Design. New York: St Martins Press. This essay on Ethical Industrial Engineering Ethics was written and submitted by user Kason W. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Advertising in Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly

Advertising in Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly Monopolistic Competition Advertising is a technique used by firms in monopolistic competition to create product differentiation and gain some control of the market, and as a result, charge a higher price. Excessive advertising will serve to inform consumers about the physical difference in the product and the perceived difference will lead to increased product differentiation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Advertising in Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More If advertising convinces customers that the product is superior to the competitor’s then the firm would charge a higher price (Arnold 241). Advertising will increase demand and reduce demand elasticity. The current profit maximizing output is given by Q at a price P; therefore, advertising will increase the quantities of the product the consumers are willing to purchase leading to a shift or a move in the demand curve t o a higher level. The new demand curve will correspond to higher levels of quantity demanded and the prices given by Q1 and P1 (Arnold 245). In a monopolistic competition the firm faces a comparatively elastic demand, and this limits the prices that can be charged on the product. In order to reduce demand elasticity, the demand curve will be relatively steeper implying that consumers are likely to change their quantity demanded as a result of a change in price. As illustrated in the diagram the firm can now charge a slightly higher price P1 for the same quantity, this means the firm can collect more revenues for the same quantity Q sold at a profit maximizing level of output (McConnell and Brue 494). However, a firm cannot maximize profit when faced with inelastic demand because the marginal revenue (MR) is negative, implying that the marginal cost (MC) would be negative. Such a situation is not possible, where marginal revenue (MR) and marginal cost (MC) are both negative (Arnold 2 46). Excessive advertising could lead to inelastic demand and the firm will have to increase the price in order to make demand elastic because profit is not maximized when demand is inelastic. (McConnell and Brue 489). Advertising is expensive, and the firm will keep on advertising as long as the revenues generated from advertising are more than the cost of advertising. As a result of advertising, demand may increase and become inelastic, and, on the other hand, the marginal cost (MC) and average cost (AC) are likely to rise at the same time. Advertising in a monopolistic competition is excessive and as long as revenues per product are more in comparison to increase in average cost per product it may not result in loses. Firms in a monopolistic competition market will use advertising to maintain its profits because advertising affect the products of the firm by increasing its demand.Advertising Looking for essay on advertising? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first pa per with 15% OFF Learn More Oligopoly The Oligopolist can increase its market share through advertising, and they compete on the basis of advertising rather than on pricing (McConnell and Brue 492). Excessive advertising by the Oligopolist is used as a barrier against entry of other firms. It is also used to inform consumers of new products in the market. Advertising also leads to increased output pushing down the average total cost (ATC) curve towards the productive efficiency point, where average total cost (ATC) is minimum. Advertising may also lead to manipulation as opposed to informing consumers. In order to understand the interdependence behavior of oligopolistic firms the technique of game theory is used as illustrated in the diagram, it shows that the two firms are better off colluding than competing. At the top left shows that both firm A and B could earn 200 dollars profit each if they choose to advertise. At the right lower quadrant, the two firms can re ceive 250 dollars each if they both choose not to advertise, because there are no costs for advertising (McConnell and Brue 496). At the lower left quadrant firm B decides to advertise while firm A does not advertise and, therefore, firm B will earn 350 dollars profits and firm A earns 100 dollars profits. This is because advertisement attracts customers from firm A to firm B. At the top right quadrant firm B does not advertise while firm A decides to advertise, therefore; firm A receives 350 dollars profits while firm B receives 100 dollars in profits because customers are attracted away from firm B. On the other hand, if the two firms chose to collude to advertise they would each receive 250 dollars profits. In oligopoly, there are few dominant players in the market and each cannot fully influence the market independently unless they collude to influence and affect the price and demand. Advertising in an oligopolistic firm is used to increase both market share and total demand.Adv ertising We will write a custom essay sample on Advertising in Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In an attempt, to gain bigger market share Oligopolist will engage in fierce advertising competition trying to outdo each other. (McConnell and Brue 494). This scenario makes advertising in the oligopolistic markets to be extremely high. It is difficult to tell if advertising leads to in improved consumer benefits and efficiency. However, if advertising results to more sales and increased output, this could lead to efficiency of the firm. It is costly to advertise and may lead to improved efficiency if costs are less than the benefits from sales. Advertising may have no direct relation with the benefits to the consumer, however, if increased sales arising from advertisement leads to reduced prices, then customers will enjoy some benefits (McConnell and Brue 487). Arnold, Roger A. Micro Economics. 10t h ed. Washington, DC: Cengage Learning, 2010. Print. McConnell, Campbell R. and Stanley L. Brue. Economics: Principles, Problems, and Policies. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2005. Print.

Issues in International Event Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Issues in International Event Management - Essay Example Corporate sponsorship can also be defined as a part of cause marketing where organsiations try to create and enhance the goodwill along with boosting the overall revenue structure. Corporate sponsorship can be considered as a nice medium through which small and medium organisations increase their visibility and public profile in an effective and efficient manner (Barr, 1993). It needs to be mentioned that corporate sponsorships are meant to enhance the overall appeal and image of organsiations. Corporate sponsorships help in differentiating organsiations from competitors along with developing and enhancing closer relationships with existing and potential customers. It also offers a chance to highlight the products and services of the organsiation along with getting rid of the obsolete inventories through distributing it as a part of the reward and award strategy (Brynes, 1994). There is no denying that advertising enhances the appeal and reach of an organsiation by impacting and infl uencing the buying behaviour of customers. However, corporate sponsorship is an ideal way of competing with large organsiations having larger advertising budgets. In addition to this, tickets for sponsoring events can be used as an incentive for suppliers, customers, employees and other stakeholders that will not only help in enhancing the overall relationship but also earning their loyalty and gratitude that is always beneficial to survive in the competitive business environment. The discussion aims at highlighting the role and importance of corporate sponsorship in the event industry. The idea is to underpin the importance of events in the business and social environment and role of corporate sponsorships in creating mutual value by sponsoring events and programs. There is no denying that a number of events are sponsored by a number of organsiations that help in gaining mass attention along with enhancing the overall appeal and value in the short as well as in the long run. A crit ical and logical discussion over the importance of corporate sponsorship in the event industry will help in understanding the intricacies of events and corporate sponsorships in a clear and logical manner. This will also highlight the emergence of corporate sponsorships in last few years. It is important to mention that there is a close relationship between sponsors and sponsees. A sport brand sponsoring a sport event is evenly matched and linked with the event that not only enhances its image but also helps in extending its reach in a great manner. When the Cricket World Cup was held in Asia, a number of sponsors were sponsoring the event where their logos, danglers and advertisements were shown during the entire event. This created a long lasting image in the mind and hearts of viewers that also helped in strengthening the overall image of organsiations in the competitive business environment. It needs to be understood that corporate sponsorship in the event industry is mainly aim ed at enhancing the overall reach of organsiations along with extracting wide arrays of benefits and advantages. As per the report published by IEG, the sponsorship market is growing at a rate of 5% per annum with countries like the US, Europe and Asia Pacific spending a lot on sponsorship. It can be assumed that with large number of corporate organsiations in these countries and a number of events being held, corporate sponsor

Unconventional Warfare in the Southern Philippines Essay

Unconventional Warfare in the Southern Philippines - Essay Example Any effort to defeat terrorism must look at the underlying causes to be effective. This paper gives a brief background discussion on several causes which impel people to resort to terrorist methods in order to fully understand how some counter-terror operations are successful while others are not, despite massive logistical support given to these operations. It also gives an astounding example of tentative successes against terror groups such as the ones operating in the southern regions of the Philippines which is located in Southeast Asia. There are obvious lessons to be learned there which can hopefully be replicated elsewhere. Presently, there is no accepted international legal definition of terrorism. Countries may have their own laws against terrorism but a common feature of all these laws is that terrorism is considered as a criminal act. As such, it is punishable by the harshest sentence possible that can range from long prison terms, a life sentence or even capital punishmen t. The layman's definition of terrorism is that of an act or a series of acts designed to sow extreme fear in the population. It is actually a form of coercion backed up by the threat of physical violence. Discussion Most terror groups today belong to network-type of organization. This kind of set-up allows for each tiny group (a terror cell) composed of just a few people to operate in a manner independent of the main organization which makes it difficult to track down other terror cells. There are varied reasons why people resort to terrorism and among them are the following: a feeling or perception of being marginalized within the larger society, to fight against injustice, for political autonomy, religious freedom or ethnic recognition. With this list in mind, it is too easy to see that military means alone cannot defeat terrorism if the underlying causes that had caused it to rise in the first place are not adequately addressed by the government. This paper is a reflective essay on a military assessment article written by Sgt. Major William Eckert, an American military service member of the Joint Special Operations Task Force (JSOTF) in the Philippines. His article described how the US military in cooperation with the security forces of the Philippines (the Philippine military and the police forces) have achieved a good measure of success in the fight against terrorism which could be used as the model for other forces operating elsewhere in the world's global hot spots. In his own words, the battle against terrorism in this Asian country is a war for peace and prosperity. It has also gained the attention of senior military leaders impressed by its decent gains (Eckert 1). In essence, Sgt. Major Eckert's position paper is a claim that the battle against these terrorists is a battle of ideas. In other words, the only effective way to defeat terrorism is fight its idea (which serves as its recruiting tool by exploiting real or imagined grievances) with a much better idea – that the way to prosperity is to maintain peace by addressing the perceived inequalities felt by the minority Muslim populace within much larger predominantly Catholic Philippine population. The most-telling result or achievement of

The Ranque-Hilsch Vortex Tube

The Ranque-Hilsch Vortex Tube David Newson Abstract The Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube is a simple mechanical device often used for refrigeration in industrial manufacturing as it requires only a supply of compressed gas. Despite having no moving parts the vortex tube is able to separate the compressed gas into two separate streams – one hot and one cold with temperatures observed in the range of -5 to 55. Different explanations for the processes taking place within the device haven been proposed but there is currently no single accepted theory. A fundamental understanding of the vortex tube and the equipment has been reached and the groundwork has been laid for further experimental investigation and numerical computational fluid dynamic modelling. Introduction The Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube, often referred to simply as a vortex tube, is a mechanical device involving no moving parts that can be used to separate a stream of high pressure compressed gas into two lower pressure streams of varying temperatures. The cold stream is able to reach temperatures as low as -30 ºC whilst the hot stream can reach temperatures of up to 110  ºC [1]. First invented by French physicist G. Ranque in 1933 [2] the vortex tube was unpopular at the time due to its low efficiency and the idea was discarded until 1946, when German engineer R. Hilsch took it upon himself to improve the design [3]. With increased efficiency the vortex tube became an effective and popular spot cooling device for laboratory equipment, cutting tools such as lathes and mills, and other industrial processes. Since then there has been numerous attempts to find ways to further increase its efficiency and fully understand the processes leading to the temperature separation. The processes taking place within the vortex tube are simple to observe, but more difficult to accurately explain and model. It begins with compressed gas entering the vortex tube tangentially through a swirl generator creating an initial vortex inside the tube with rotational speeds of up to 1,000,000 RPM. The vortex moves along the length of the tube until it reaches an adjustable valve allowing a fraction of the gas to escape. The remaining gas is forced back down the centre of the tube, creating a secondary vortex. This secondary vortex has a reduced diameter and is contained within the initial vortex and travels in the opposite direction back along the length of the tube. When the secondary vortex reaches the other end of the tube all remaining gas is expelled through an opening. While this is taking place, energy is transferred from the inner vortex to the outer vortex, causing the temperature of the outer vortex to increase, and the temperature of the inner vortex to decrease. As the gas from the outer, hotter vortex and the gas from the cooler, inner vortex are expelled at opposite ends of the tube the two streams of varied temperature can be directed as required and the ratio of the temperatures controlled by changing the amount of gas allowed to be expelled at the adjustable valve. Figure 1. Initial and secondary vortexes within a vortex tube [4] There are currently different explanations for the temperature separation within the vortex tube with no theory being conclusively proved. It is currently thought that the energy transferred between the vortexes is through friction of the two vortexes rotating against one another but it is unknown whether the gas within the tube experiences â€Å"solid body rotation†, where the angular velocities of the of both the inner and the outer vortexes are the same or if the two vortexes are rotating at different angular velocities. Further investigation into the speed of rotations of the vortexes within a Ranque-Hilsch Vortex Tube will provide greater understanding of the energy transfer. Equipment The experimental set up consisted of a Ranque-Hilsch Vortex Tube, two flow gauges that could be placed at positions A,B or C, two thermo couples, a gate valve and a pressure gauge positioned as shown on figure 2 below. Figure 2. Schematic of experimental setup The vortex tube was supplied by compressed air with a mains pressure of 6.6 bar with the gate valve used to control the pressures and flow rates into the vortex tube. The flow gauges used were rota meters with a range of 30-300 litres per minute. Rota meters are made of a tapered tube with a â€Å"float† inside that is lifted up by the drag force created by the flow of the liquid around it and pulled down by gravity. A higher flow rate increases flow speed and drag causing the float to be lifted higher up the tube, however, as the float is lifted higher up the tube the tube widens due to the taper and the drag force decreases until the float reaches its new equilibrium. The equilibrium can be found using the equation . (1) Where is the mass of the float, is acceleration due to gravity, is the density of the fluid, is the velocity of the object relative to the fluid, is the reference area and is the drag coefficient. With the float in equilibrium the flow rate can be read off scale at a specified point on the float. Due to the simple nature of rota meters they are affected by changes in pressure and temperature and the displayed numbers are only valid at atmospheric pressure and standard atmospheric pressure. Correcting for the effects of pressure (2) Pressures above atmospheric pressure allows greater capacity for a flow meter and the above equation is used to determine the actual flow rate at varying pressures. Correcting for the effects of temperature (3) Temperatures above standard atmospheric temperature decreases maximum flow rate and the above equation is used to determine the actual flow rate at varying temperatures. The flow gauges have an unknown impedance which has to be calculated in order to make sure placing them in the system doesn’t affect the measured pressures nor the fraction of gas expelled through the hot end valve. If it does affect the system knowing the impedance allows corrections to be calculated. The impedance is calculated by measuring the rate of flow through a single flow gauge as a function of pressure. Figure 3. Experimental set up to calculate flow gauge impedance The vortex tube itself has no moving parts and consists of very few pieces. Compressed gas is fed in through the air inlet and as it passes through the generator creates a vortex inside the spin chamber, the vortex propagates along the length of the tube with air exiting out both the hot end valve and the cold end cap. Figure 3. Schematic of Meech Vortex tube [5] The only interchangeable part of the vortex tube is the generator. The generators determine the volume of gas flow through the vortex tube and the fraction of the incoming air that exits in the cold stream – the cold fraction. The cold fraction may also be altered by adjusting the hot end valve. The total flow can be calculated using (4) Where PSIG is pounds per square inch gage. The cooling and heating power in BTUH (British Thermal Unit per Hour) can be found by using the following: For Cooling: (5) For Heating: (6) Where 1 = 0.293W, = cold fraction, = cold airflow, = hot airflow, = inlet pressure, = cold stream temperature, = hot stream temperature Results The impedance of the flow gauges were calculated by plotting flow against pressure and calculating the gradient. Figure 4. Calibration of flow gauges The gradient calculated from figure 4 is which equals The gradient was then used to calculate impedance using (7) This gives a value for the impedance of the flow gauges of acoustic ohms. Figure 5. Temperature of streams as function of pressure Figure 5 shows the relationship between the temperatures of the stream and the inlet pressure. The two trend lines intersect at 0 pressure at 23 which is the temperature of the compressed air before it entered the vortex tube. The gradient of the hot stream trend line is 8.3 and the gradient of the cold stream trend line is -7.8 0.05. This shows the temperature of the hot flow is increasing faster than the cold flow is decreasing suggesting a cold fraction of above 0.5. Figure 6. Flow rates as a function of pressure Figure 6 displays the flow rates at each of the 3 positions A,B and C from figure 2. The flow rate of the cold stream is higher than the flow rate of the hot stream confirming that the cold fraction is above 0.5 as proposed from the findings in figure 5. This figure demonstrates the corrections to the flow rate using equation (2) as before the equation is applied the measured flow rate in (green) is significantly lower than the measured flow rate out (cyan). After the correction is applied the measured flow in (magenta) is equal to the measured flow out. This is based on the assumption that the pressure at the flow gauge in position A is 6.6 bar – the pressure of the mains gas supply. Figure 7. Energy flow rates as a function of pressure Figure 7 shows the rates of flow of internal energy of the gas at points A,B and C calculated by combining the following equations (7) (8) Into (9) Where is pressure, is volume, is number of moles, is the molar gas constant, is temperature and is internal energy. From this figure it seems that no energy is lost from the system and it is simply transferred between the two flows of the gas. This is expected based on the previous result as internal energy is proportional to volume and the volumes of gas flowing in and out of the tube were constant. Discussion After much investigation the temperature and energy separation and rate of flow appear linear as a function of inlet pressure. This was not always the case as for a long period of time the volume of gas measured being expelled by the vortex tube was vastly larger than that being measured entering the tube and the rate of flows were not linear. However, after studying the equipment it was found that this was due to the flow gauges being effected by temperature and pressure. Once the raw data was corrected by taking into account for these varying conditions the data matched up to initial predictions and with far fewer anomalies. The temperature difference of the two streams was observed and; with a cold fraction greater than 0.5 the cold stream was measured to have a higher rate of flow but there was a greater temperature difference in the hot stream from the initial temperature of the gas. The current data suggests that the gas as a whole does not gain or lose any internal energy and that energy is only transferred between the gas from the cold stream to the hot stream, however, this is under the assumption that the pressure at the flow gauge in position A was constantly at 6.6 bar. If this is not the case a slight difference in pressure could reveal changes in the internal energy of the gas which could help explain the processes happening within the tube. Conclusion The equipment has been calibrated and raw data is able to be corrected to provide correct results. Temperature separation has been measured in the range of -5 to 55 with the rate of change of temperature corresponding to the cold fraction of the generator. The internal energy of the gas has been observed to remain constant; transferring only between the cold and the hot stream but there is scope to further investigate this. A basic understanding of the vortex tube has been reached and the groundwork has been laid for further investigation. With further sampling it is hoped the energy separation will be understood in greater detail and that the theory that the gas undergoes solid body rotation will be proved or disproved. Future work Future work will include experimental investigation continuing looking into the transfer of energy within the vortex tube including more detailed analysis of rate of energy flow examining whether the gas loses, gains or conserves internal energy. Different generators of varying efficiencies and cold fractions will be investigated and documented and an attempt to build a probe to determine whether the angular velocities within the vortex tube vary or are constant will take place. Aside from the experimental work computational fluid dynamics will be used to numerically explore the inner workings of the vortex tube by creating a two dimensional computational model of a vortex tube using COMSOL software using the k-ÃŽ µ model to simulate the temperature separation phenomenon. Figure x shows the temperatures of the hot and cold streams achieved by three different generators as a function of flow. The results show that the generators that produce the lowest temperatures have a lower flow rate, this is expected as there is a similar amount of energy separation for each of the generators and you can choose to have a smaller quantity of very cold gas or a larger quantity that is not as cold, or a compromise as desired. This is important as it makes the vortex tube more adaptable for industries using it for spot cooling and the temperature and flow rate can be adjusted as required. References [1] Meech air technology brochure. 2013. http://www.meech.com/resources/362/MAT.pdf [2] G. J. Ranque, â€Å"Experiments on Expansion in a Vortex with Simultaneous Exhaust of Hot and Cold Air,† Le Journal De Physique et le Radium (Paris), Vol. 4, 1933. [3] R. Hilsch, â€Å"The Use of the Expansion of Gases in a Centrifugal Field as Cooling Process,† Review of Scientific Instrument, Vol. 18, 1947. http://scitation.aip.org/docserver/fulltext/aip/journal/rsi/18/2/1.1740893.pdf?expires=1386863841id=idaccname=freeContentchecksum=2218A70412ADD7B3EFBAAC108BCC9ABE [4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortex_tube [5] Meech Static Eliminators Ltd www.meech.com