Essay on Ericksons 8 Stages of Life - 2832 Words

Erikson’s 8 Stages- 1 Erikson’s 8 Stages of life PSY 240 February 10, 2012 Erikson’s 8 Stages- 2 It is human to have a long childhood; it is civilized to have an even longer childhood. Long childhood makes a technical and mental virtuoso out of man, but it also leaves a life-long residue of emotional immaturity in him. This was a quote stated by Erik Homburger Erikson the creator of the 8 stages of life. Erikson believed life is organized into eight different stages that start from they day you are born and continue until the day you die (Harder). Since adult life tends to last longer then childhood or teen years Erikson broke down the stages in experiences naming them young adult, middle aged adults, and older adults†¦show more content†¦Erikson’s 8 Stages- 4 This stage of life is also a stage that was too long ago to remember, and my daughter has yet to reach this age, but I have dealt with children of this age when I was a dance teacher, and autonomy is a huge factor in a child’s life. When I was teaching dance my three year olds thought they knew everything and they were quick to tell me â€Å"NO†. I also experienced shame and guilt in my class. I had a little girl and she just could not seem to copy what I was doing, and I could tell she was starting to upset herself. I walked over to her and worked with her until she had the dance move perfectly, and that shame and guilt she was feeling for not getting the move down quickly went away. She was that happy independent three year old that walked into my classroom. Even at a young age independence is highly noticeable but guilt can take over a child in seconds. That is why it is our job as adults and parents to make a child as happy and confident as possible. Play Age: 3 to 5 years initiative vs. guilt According to Arlene F. Harder, â€Å"During this period we experience a desire to copy the adults around us and take initiative in creating play situations. We make up stories with Barbies and Kens, toy phones and miniature cars, playing out roles in a trial universe, experimenting with the blueprint for what we believe it means to be an adult. (Harder)† Erikson stated that in this stage we normally become involved in anShow MoreRelatedErik Erikson’s Eight Stages of Development Essay1163 Words   |  5 PagesIn Erik Erikson’s theory he explains that in every stage, a positive or a negative attitude is developed within an individual. During our developing stages we are either successful or we fail. Each stage will come to us whether or not we’re ready for them or not. You can think of the stages as learning stages where crisis occur .Only if we have learned from the previous crisis we are successful. You cannot a void 1 stage and move to a next stage because of the developing process. The outcome of ourRead MoreErickson s Theory On The 8 Stages Of Development Essay1143 Words   |  5 PagesErick Erickson was a German psychoanalyst who was heavily influenced by the works of Sigmund Freud (Erickson 2016). Erickson’s theory on the 8 stages of development are based around three parts of identity: social identity, personal identity (the differences between one person and another) and the identity of self. Freud exemplifies the conflict between id (the instinctive component of personality) and the superego (morals of society that are learned), whilst Erickson focuses on the role of cultureRead MoreErikson s Theory Of Social Involvement Across The Entire Lifespan Essay1553 Words   |  7 Pagespreviously linked only with childhood. One of the first theorists Erik Erickson felt that development continues throughout life. Erickson believes that each stage in life resembles to specific opport unities that the society might have. Erickson’s theory defines the impact of social involvement across the entire lifespan. Each stage of Erikson’s stages is unique in their own way. Erikson decided to present eight different stages of the psychosocial crisis for almost each age group. According to NewmanRead MoreTheories Of Theories And Theories752 Words   |  4 Pagesthat describe the development as a series of psychological stages. He clarified what occur during each stage and how they can have a long time effect on our behavior we fail to move across these stages properly. Freud’s psychoanalytic personality theory have three main component, the Id, ego and superego which work together to make a complex human behavior. Freud’s work have influence many other thinkers such as Fred Adler and Erickson. Adler believes that our behavior derived from our need forRead MoreDevelopmental Psychology : The Stages Of Development1191 Words   |  5 Pages2015 Erickson Essay Erick Erickson, a German psychoanalyst created a theory called the Stages of Development, which consist of eight phases. As a person passes though each stage they will attempt to resolve crises that are important to the process of life. These eight stages include building a sense of trust in others, discovering a sense of self, as well as preparing the forthcoming generation for the future. Since everyone is unique in their own way, we will all experience Erickson’s 8-Stage LifeRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Human Development1712 Words   |  7 Pagesfive, Erik Erickson s (1902-1994) theory focuses on psychosocial development. That being said, psychosocial development is a theory made more specifically for children as they grow to adulthood based on what they ve seen and think from their parents, peers, and their upcoming experiences. He believed that a person s childhood is the important aspect in developing personality. Although, he accepted many of Freud s theories , such as Ego and his theory in infantile sexuality, Erickson did rejectedRead MoreErick Erickson : Identity And Identity1885 Words   |  8 Pages Erick Erickson, identity was the core issue, his own sense of self were complex. His attractive mother Karla Abrahamsen, she was Danish from a very comfortable, middle class Jewish family. On their honeymoon in Rome, she parted from her first husband. He traveled abroad and she never seen him again. Erickson was born a few years later in Germany in 1902, where she stayed with some aunts. Erickson never knew who his biological father was. His mother would never tell them (Erick Erickson, sharperRead MoreImportance Of Volunteering At Pine Meadow Elementary School1241 Words   |  5 PagesI am volunteering at Pine Meadow Elementary School. I volunteer from 8:30 – 9:50 in the morning every Monday, Tuesday, Thursday, and Friday. I am in Ms. Wurzbergers room and she teaches kindergarten class that consists of children ages 5-6. There are 20 children in the classroom with one teacher. One of the kids has a special teacher he walks around with all the time but they are not usually in the classroom. The classroom is set up with 4 tables spread around the room with 5 chairs at each tableRead MoreThe Psychosocial Theory Of Human Development832 Words   |  4 Pagesthat take place through eight stages. In fact, Erikson’s theory was influenced by his experience in analyzing and studying of various types of people from various backgrounds and culture. Thus, Erikson believed that human life evolved through experiencing life crisis in each of the eight stages of development. Moreover, it is through the experiences of life crisis and their eventual resolution that allows individuals to continue to grow. According to Erikson, life crisis symbolized a time whenRead MoreErikson s Theory For Psychosocial Development1000 Words   |  4 Pagessocial conflicts, and environmental factors. In the psychosocial model tha t Erikson created, it places people into eight stages. In order for someone to move on to the next stage, they must first overcome the conflict presented to them in the stage that they are in. A well-established identity will get stronger the more that conflict is successfully resolved. The eight stages are basic trust versus mistrust, autonomy versus shame and doubt, initiative verses guilt, industry versus inferiority, identity

A Brief Note On Anorexia And Bulimia Nervosa - 1561 Words

In today s western society, an abundance of factors contribute to the way one thinks and feels about themselves physically, and essentially how one would act upon this. All over the world, messages and images of skinny women are engrossing people s lives, leaving negative and long-lasting affects behind. Current beliefs of western culture suggest one must obtain a perfect, which has become analogous to thin, physique in order to achieve happiness and success, causing many young women to feel negatively about themselves and potentially leading to dangerous eating disorders. Certain factors and beliefs of western culture, including the obsession with thinness, influence of the media, and society s backlash against feminism, all play a†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, those suffering from eating disorders experience restricted daily life activities. These eating disorders should not be ignored as it is evident that they are malicious and can take over one s life. It does no t help that standards of beauty are depicted as anorexic, making it difficult for the victim to recognize and overcome their illness. There is no one factor that is responsible for eating disorders, but rather several. A loss of self identity, poor self esteem, perfectionism, maturity fears, personality, genetics, and family dynamics are all factors that can play a role in contributing to these disorders(Lackstrom, 2014). Whether one feels as if they are always dependent on someone, has a failure to form an identity, or possesses a need for being perfect, this can lead to an eating disorder. It is these factors, alone or in combination, influenced by western culture that can shape an individual s vulnerability or predisposition to such illnesses. Eating disorders affect people of all races, classes, sexes, and ages. However, the vast majority of those affected are young women. Anorexia and bulimia commonly begin during adolescence or young adulthood, rarely affecting women over the age of forty. As stated in the Diagnosis and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM), there is an an approximately 10:1 female-to-male ratio, of those affected with

Australian Policy and Monetary Policy Effectiveness

Question: Discuss abot theAustralian Policy and Monetary Policy Effectiveness. Answer: Introduction This paper will focus on a particular country and then see how the Central bank policies are overall impacting the situation in the country. The country of choice for this paper is Australia and the Central bank of the country is known as Reserve Bank of Australia. The paper will evaluate the objective and roles of the Central Bank and then look into the various macroeconomic indicators of Australia. Then the paper will explore the recent comments by Treasurer Mr. Morrison on the effectiveness of the monetary policy and finally paper will provide some recommendation which the country can look up to in the current scenario. Role of Central Bank in the Economy In this paper the country I have chosen for my assessment is Australia. The central bank of the country is known as Reserve Bank of Australia. The main objective of the Reserve Bank of Australia is guided by the Banking Act which was passed in 1959 (Cao, 2015). The main objective of RBA is to control inflation and maintain proper currency flow in the economy of the country. The other objective which overall guides the main objective is to maintain financial stability in the country and maintain high level of employment for the residents of the country. The banking act passed in 1959 is the governing regulation for RBA. The regulations of the Banking Act impose certain methods which can be used by RBA to perform its objective. The Central theme of these methods is the monetary policy stance which RBA need to work on. The monetary policy stance which the bank takes helps in determining the cash rate in the economy and in turn controls the money supply in the country. The ultra-lose mon ey policy is indicative of the fact that RBA is having focus on increasing money supply, increasing purchasing power and also to provide necessary push to the growth in the economy. On the flip side, tight monetary policy is indicative of controlling the money supply, reducing the inflation and also to control the excess liquidity in the system. The central bank of the country, Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) is also responsible under the banking act to keep zero level of unemployment. This is a kind of ideal situation and in the practical world scenario the RBA is not able to meet that target. The primary role of RBA is to control inflation in the economy and maintain the financial stability of the country. RBA acts as the banker to the Government and all Governments banking need are taken care off by RBA. The tools available with the RBA are the monetary policy action and maintaining the currency flow in the country. As per the act the roles of RBA are broadly defined under three categories. These three broad categories are stability of the currency in the country; maintenance of employment in the country; and finally work for the economic prosperity of the residents (Manalo, 2015). Mr. Morrisons View on Effectiveness of Monetary Policy In this article, Treasurer Mr. Morrison highlights that in current situation how the central bank has reached a limit whereby it cannot reduce the interest rate further. He also argues that in the era of low interest rate, in some cases negative interest rate, monetary policy has lost its power to influence any major changes in the economy. He highlights that this is one of the major concerns which all major economies are facing in the current situation. The current cash rate in the economy is standing at 1.5%. However, Mr. Morrison also stated that his statement should not be taken up as a concern for RBAs independence but is only indicative of the fact that rates wont reduce any further in the coming times. The concern of the treasurer are pretty accurate, the ability of central banks all over the world to transmit policy actions to last mile in the population is questioned. Let us also take an example of India, where Central Bank has reduced benchmark rates by 1.5% in last 18 mont hs, but commercial banks have only been able to transmit some 0.60% to 0.75% to the consumers and corporates. This is happening across the world, take example of Europe which is facing constant period of deflation for last two years and even negative interest rates are not able to spur up demand. In a recent interview, the treasures Scott Morrison signaled that Reserve Bank of Australia now has limited capacity left to reduce interest rate any further (Robinson, 2015). He argued that in the world of such low interest rates, in some cases even negative interest rates, the monetary policy as a tool as lost its effectiveness. The ability of the monetary policy to create an impact and then influence matter in the economy is diminishing at a faster rate (Cao, 2015). He clarified in the same interview that he is not even questioning RBAs independence and his comments are not in that regard, but the current economic system has exhausted the effectiveness of the rate cut. Discussion on Effectiveness of the Monetary Policy Mr. Morrison in the article highlights how effectiveness of the monetary policy is diminishing across the world. I believe in the current situation this holds true. In a recent paper by IMF, the writer singles out Folk theorem and highlights how the increasing dependence on interest rate and quantitative easing to bring out a country of economic doldrums is nowadays yielding mixed results. The interest rate is increasing become highly ineffective, however quantitative easing is still yielding mixed results. The paper has done detailed study on different countries and the prevailing scenario in those economies. Some of the limitations which are now visible in developed economies are deflation and liquidity traps. Euro zone is a classic example of how the region is facing deflation and is not able to come out of it even after strong quantitative easing support and negative interest rate. Markets all over the world dont function as silos anymore (Manalo, 2015). The interlinking of trade , growth in globalisation has made all central banks to be dependent on one another. The central banks all over the world are dependent on each other and stance which they hold. Monetary policy tends to become ineffective if the discussion has no orientation and synchronization with what is happening in the world outside. Concern on the Long-Term Rating of the Country In current times Australia is also facing a concern related to long term rating of the country. Six months back global credit rating agency Standard Poors reduced the investing outlook of the country from stable to negative. The rating agency at that time has warned the Government that there is an urgent need to reduce the budgetary deficit which was rising at alarming rate. Currently SP has again warned the country that they might downgrade the rating of the country from AAA. This is cause of worry for the country as the rating downgrade will hurt the investment outlook and in turn will also impact the cost of borrowing. This will also increase the risk premia that foreign investors will demand from Australian investments. The increase in risk premia means the country wont be kept in same bracket of investment as it was used to be. It is only six months back when SP lowered the credit rating outlook of the country from stable to negative. This was the first such strong warning from the rating agency stating that AAA status was under visible threat. The rating agency warranted such action with rationale that country need to address is budgeted deficit. The key problem identified by SP is not the Federal debt, it is the record housing debt which the country is facing. This debt is significantly funded from the overseas market and as per rating agency this is one of the biggest risk that the country is facing (Manalo, 2015). At one end of the spectrum there is a requirement to push for growth so that savings can increase, however on the flip side the rate cutting capacity of RBA has diminished. Coupled with that even if RBA does a rate cut, effectiveness of the same is really doubtful in Australian economy. Major Economic Indicators Some of the major indicators for the current state of Australian economy are: As per the last available data on the GDP, the country has grown by 3.3% in The inflation in the economy has averaged at 1.3% The cash rate maintained by RBA stand at 1.5% The population of the country stood at 24.1 million and it is growing with an annual growth rate of 1.4% Unemployment rate in the economy stood at 5.6% and around 12 million people are currently employed in the system The services remain as the largest contributor to the Gross Domestic product with its share standing at 59%, followed by 9% in the construction sector, 7% in manufacturing, 6% in mining and 5% in retail trade If one looks at the debt levels of the country, they would be able to visualise the real risk matrix of the country. It is not the government debt which is the cause of worry, it is the debt which has been provided by foreign entities to housing sectors and the dominant commodity sectors. This is the biggest risk concern which has been raised by global rating agencies. The housing market is facing lot of trouble, the demands are muted; people are seeing foreclosures as the only option and new demand is not turning up to prepare for the cash flow of the previous demand. The global issues are hurting the country and hence monetary policy easing stance has been maintained for long. Some of the major global issues which have hurt the economy in recent times are Brexit and the outcome of the United States presidential election. Both the results have not been in favour of investor expectations and that is one of the major reasons why fund outflow has taken place from investment destinations like Australia (Cao, 2015). What are the Estimates of Growth for the Country? As per OECD estimates the growth is expected to be 3% in 2018. There wont be any strong inflationary pressure in the economy as even some fall in unemployment rates will only reduce inequality. The OECD expects monetary policy tightening to start from the end of 2017 and this is in line with the stance of majority of developed nation. The monetary policy tightening is a necessity as per OECD, as it will unwind the current tension due to low interest rate environment, establishing some control on the situation in the housing market. The Government of Australia is looking forward to a strong period of fiscal consolidation. Some of the structural reforms which the government should implement are improvement in the tax structure. What are the GlobalIssues which are Hurting the Economy? The global issues like Brexit and outcome of United States Presidential election has increased the overall volatility in the global financial markets. Markets dont like uncertain environment and both these events have increased the quotient of uncertainty in the system. On the Brexit issue, markets want to see how the exit happens and what the terms under which it will happen are. Some of the critical question which Brexit has raised are; whether the Euro survive as a region with single common currency post Brexit; will other countries follow the same suit as happened with Britain; what will be the economic impact of Brexit; how will be the overall trade impacted from Brexit. On the other side unexpected win of the Republican candidate Donald Trump in the recently concluded United States election has again increased overall uncertainty quotient in the system. Some of the concerns which market foresee are; Whether globalisation will reduce in Trump era; what will happen with trade rel ations and pact which exist with Japan and China; what will be stance of Trump for the outsourcing industry; will the developed economies like United States become more closed in the upcoming times. These global issues are few of the major issues which the Government and RBA are facing. The Government is not in a position to reduce fiscal deficit by curbing spending as private capex is not picking up and it is the public spending which has driven the growth in the recent times. Coupled with this problem, RBA is not in a situation to provide any further rate cut because of long period of ultra-lose monetary policy. This double whammy on the economy of Australia is one of the prime problems which the country is facing. Industries and the related lobbies have been asking for low cost of borrowing so that next part of private capex can start. However the duration of lose monetary policy has already stayed for long and the current environment needs some tightening or status quo maintenance. The credit rating agencies are asking the Government of Australia to tighten the fiscal spending so that the deficit can be lowered. There main concern rises from the kind of debt which the housing market is standing on. Coupled with that the situation in the commodity market is also not improving and the Government is also not able to clearly predict the kind of pricing the key commodities in the country will be seeing in the near term. This is generally not the case but the global factors are definitely having its say and are raising the concern with the country. Authorised Deposit Institutes and their Workings Authorised deposit institutes in Australia are corporations which are governed under Banking Act, 1959 of the country. They are authorised to take deposits from the customers and hence governed by the Act. These institutions include the banks, credit unions and building societies. They effectively manage liquidity, interest rate risk in similar manner as the banks and other money market related companies. However if they are not operating as banks the reporting standards are different and format of working is also significantly different. Recommendation Some of the recommendation which the country can look forward to is releasing bonds in different denomination to take care of dollar denominated debt in the housing market. Once the housing market sees signs of revival, then the next step is to start monetary tightening and also focus on reducing fiscal deficit. The reduction in fiscal deficit and improvement in housing market scenario, will pave ways to avoid any rating downgrade. Hopefully the global environment during this period would be stable and there wont be any additional risk. Conclusion Monetary policy as a tool for establishing control over the financial stability of the country has lost it means by some degree due to impact of globalisation, more demand oriented economies. This is the prime reason why countries like Australia, European region are seeing that current monetary policy measures or quantitative easing is not leading to desired results. As per the FORK theory developed by wall street journal IMF this is increasingly becoming a challenge and still quantitative easing is helping matters but cash rates are seeing reduced impact. Recently markets all over the world has turned volatile due to the impact of Brexit and also due to the outcome of the recently concluded United States Presidential election. The victory of Republican candidate has increased the volatility of the system. This is one of the reason why policy actions and budget repair actions taken by Australian government has not been so effective. The reduction in fiscal deficit and improvement in housing market scenario, will pave ways to avoid any rating downgrade. References Cao, L., Hosking, A., Kouparitsas, M., Mullaly, D., Rimmer, X., Shi, Q., Stark, W. and Wende, S., 2015. Understanding the economy-wide efficiency and incidence of major Australian taxes.Treasury WP,1 Georgiadis, G. and Mehl, A., 2015. Trilemma, not dilemma: financial globalisation and Monetary policy effectiveness Hanif, M.N. and Iqbal, J., 2016.Assessing Monetary Policy Effectiveness in Rich Data Environment(No. 80). State Bank of Pakistan, Research Department Imam, P.A., 2015. Shock from graying: Is the demographic shift weakening monetary policy effectiveness.International Journal of Finance Economics,20(2), pp.138-154 Manalo, J., Perera, D. and Rees, D.M., 2015. Exchange rate movements and the Australian economy.Economic Modelling,47, pp.53-62 Rees, D.M., Smith, P. and Hall, J., 2016. A Multi?sector Model of the Australian Economy.Economic Record Rey, H., 2015.Dilemma not trilemma: the global financial cycle and monetary policy independence(No. w21162). National Bureau of Economic Research Robinson, T., Tsiaplias, S. and Nguyen, V.H., 2015. The Australian Economy in 201415: An Economy in Transition.Australian Economic Review,48(1), pp.1-14 Sheen, J., Trck, S. and Wang, B.Z., 2015. Daily Business and External Condition Indices for the Australian Economy.Economic Record,91(S1), pp.38-53 Sims, C.A., 2016, August. Fiscal Policy, Monetary Policy and Central Bank Independence. InDesigning Resilient Monetary Policy Frameworks for the Future: A Symposium Sponsored by the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City Wu, J.C. and Xia, F.D., 2016. Measuring the macroeconomic impact of monetary policy at the zero lower bound.Journal of Money, Credit and Banking,48(2-3), pp.253-291 Zhang, H.E., 2015.The sustainability of European Monetary Union. Evidence from business cycle synchronisation, monetary policy effectiveness and the Euro fiscal dividend(Doctoral dissertation, University of Bradford)

Pros Cons free essay sample

Most wireline phone companies charge more than what youd pay for most alternatives, and some are taxed more as well. There are some locations where getting new wired phone service is prohibitively expensive or even impossible. Long Distance and extra features like Call Waiting are normally included with alternative phones. More Features: Cellular and broadband phones normally include Long Distance, Voice Mail, Caller ID, Call Forwarding and more, usually at no additional charge. They also have Text Messaging and various forms of data service which are unavailable with a landline. Portability: If you move your home more than average (or if its on wheels), your phone and your number can stay with you. There are no installation charges. Temporary Usage: You can have phone service for the season in a vacation home or cabin, or on an extended stay at a hotel or home of a friend or relative without installing a separate line. We will write a custom essay sample on Pros Cons or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Unlimited Plans: Most alternatives offer a plan that includes Unlimited talk minutes and Long Distance, including cellular. Most cellular carriers have eliminated Unlimited Data plans, although there are some that include Data with some other restrictions. Anonymity: You can easily set up an account (especially prepaid cellular) with either no name or an alternative identity. Fewer Telemarketers: Nuisance calls are reduced because telemarketers want to target customers in certain geographic areas. They wont know where you are. Most telcos provide your landline number to telemarketers. With cellular its illegal for now. With broadband, it depends on the carrier who sets up your number. Internet Access: Your wireless phone can also be your connection to the Internet, either with an internal browser or tethered to your computer, and available wherever there is cellular coverage. Wireless broadband is also available separate from your cellular account. Wi-Fi for Multiple Devices: You can get a cellular modem that provides a wi-fi signal that can connect to up to 5 separate wi-fi devices. Its Green: Replace your fax with an Internet-based fax service like eFax or MyFax. com and stop wasting paper and ink. (Give your old fax to charity) Attitude: Some wired phone companies just treat their customers badly. Sometimes it feels better to leave at any price. Take your broadband wherever you go A mobile broadband connection is exactly that, which means that you can access your emails, check the sports results or watch YouTube videos no matter where you are, provided you have 3G reception. Stop paying for line rental Millions of people continue to pay for line rental on a home phone landline that they rarely use, just so that they can get broadband at home. With mobile broadband, theres no need to pay line rental potentially saving you over ? 100 a year. Plug and play technology All the software you need to connect to the internet is automatically installed when you first plug your USB modem into your laptop no need to set it up or call a technical support helpline. Flexible options available Mobile broadband customers can take advantage of some really great pay as you go tariffs from as little as ? 2 a day, or rolling one-month packages, meaning they only ever pay for what they actually need. Cons: Safety: If you need to call 911, public safety authorities wont automatically know where you are, youll have to tell them. Also, calls with alternative phones will not necessarily be routed to the closest agency. Also, you wont receive Reverse 911 calls alerting you to a public emergency in your neighborhood unless your local emergency center allows you to sign up your number and associate it with a local address. Security: Some businesses will not allow you to use their services without a traceable land line. This includes credit card companies, pizza shops and a few others, although this rule is slowly being relaxed. Satellite TV services want a landline-like plug for their equipment to call them each night. It does work with some broadband phone systems. Your satellite service can still work without it, but you will most likely pay an extra charge. Reliability: Wired telephone services have come as close to 100% reliable as is practical. Their network has substantial power backup, redundant circuits and years to get it right. Alternatives are improving but their networks can vary significantly. Cell sites and other communications nodes have a limited amount of backup power. In an extended power outage, such as after a hurricane or snowstorm, the service may not work, leaving you with no service. Corded phones work in power failures. Cable phones also have a lower level of reliability. Sound Quality: Some alternative phones dont sound the same or as good as a landline. While your alternative phone may sound fine to you, it may be difficult for others. Also, some broadband phone services just dump their audio into the Internet resulting in widely varying data travel times giving you significant sound delays. Lack of Service: You may be in a location where there are no wireless broadband alternatives or may have poor cellular coverage. This might be rectified by adding a cell site to your home. Broadband Speeds: While there are some fairly fast wireless broadband connections, it may be some time before they will compare to wired or cable connections. Malfunctions: Cell sites can stop working for various reasons. Repairs often need to be made on site and may take time. Broadband services require one or more pieces of equipment at your house which you will need to fix if it fails. Wireline equipment can normally be repaired at the central office. Murphys Law says breakdowns will happen at the worst possible time. You Have No Backup: Unless you have an extra cellular phone, if something happens to your main phone or its associated equipment, or your account, you cant just plug another phone into the wall. Inconvenience: Some alternative services only offer a single jack for one phone. If you want service throughout the house you either must go wi-fi or cellular. Otherwise, plan on using the phone near your computer or router. With a cell phone you need to keep it close to you if your home is large or on multiple floors. It Might be Difficult to Get a Job: Some employers require a Local number to consider you for a position. While you can change your out-of-town portable number to something local, there goes your Number For Life. Surprise Costs. Since you normally pay for cellular by the minute, you might talk a lot more than you think. Savings may be less than you expected when calculated long term. Broadband carriers are not regulated like wireline services and could make changes that you dont expect. You Wont Be Listed in the Phone Book. Some directories let you to pay for a personal listing, but others use that as a way to keep you as a landline customer. Alarm systems. Most existing dial-up alarm systems dont work with broadband phone connections. There are other alarm alternatives, including wireless. You May Not Be Able to Send or Receive Faxes. In some cases, faxing is not an issue. In others, you cant just plug in your fax machine. A better choice is to to use a paperless, web-based service like eFax or MyFax. com. Low download limits Even the most generous of mobile broadband tariffs only offer a download allowance of 15GB per month, and that could set you back ? AÂ  month on a two-year contract, while typical value packages offer less than 5GB a month. High costs for exceeding your limit Most mobile broadband providers charge a fee when you exceed your download limit. This is normally several pence per MB and costs can very quickly add up if youre not careful. Always keep an eye on your usage. Slower connections Although suppliers might advertise speeds of up to 10 or 12Mb, mobile broadband speeds rarely exceed the average of around 1Mb. This, combined with the tight usage limits, makes mobile broadband unsuitable for large downloads. Coverage Most of the UK is covered by the 3G mobile network, but coverage can be patchy in some rural areas, with speeds significantly slower in some parts of the country, so you should always check coverage in your area before signing up. PROS OF FIXED LINE NETWORK Reliability Land line/fix line phones can be more reliable than their cellular counterparts. Disconnected cables can disable land lines, but these problems are easily remedied. On the other hand, cellular phones are plagued by several different issues because they rely on a network of radio waves, cellular towers and satellites. In some areas, cellular service is plagued by dropped calls and fuzzy reception. Emergencies The reliability of land line phones makes them advantageous when it comes to emergencies. For example, if someone is hurt and needs immediate medical care, you do not have to worry about contending with poor reception. Land lines also provide a fixed location that emergency responders can rush to. On a cell phone, you must state your address or describe your location, which wastes precious time during a crisis. Sponsored Links

Free Essays on Womens History

For centuries, women were considered to be weaker than men. They were thought of as squeamish, and unable to perform tasks requiring muscle or intellect. Therefore, men acquired the â€Å"tougher,† more muscle-related jobs. Because of these views, for many centuries women were left in the home, left with no options but to cook, clean and take care her family. However, over the turn of the 19th century, women began to fight back, rioting and picketing, proclaiming their rights. How Women Were Discriminated Against Being thought of as the weaker sex kept a great majority of from accomplishing many things. Women were not allowed to vote, because men thought of the female to be intellectually inferior to him. In the first several decades of the United States, women were not allowed to own property, make a contract, to sue, or to be sued. In certain work areas a female was not permitted to work more than eight hours or to earn the same wage as a man doing the same job. Women were also unable to hold many professional vocations. A pregnant woman was often denied the option of abortion, unless her life was at stake. Often, when a woman was claimed harassment, people viewed her as crazy, or that she brought it upon herself. In early America young girls and women were also unable to pursue their dreams of an education. Of course, with no education, a lady was ineligible to hold any type of political office. Before women’s suffrage, a woman was practically incapable of doing anything other tha n cooking, cleaning, and taking care of her family. Women’s fight to stop sexual discrimination By 18th century, women had begun to speak up and organize. In 1848, the first women’s rights meeting was held in New York. The main issue was women’s suffrage, or the right for them to vote. For many years, thousands of women fought for the right to vote, among them was Susan B. Anthony, Alice Paul, and Lucretia Mott. â€Å"Some battle for woman s... Free Essays on Womens History Free Essays on Womens History For centuries, women were considered to be weaker than men. They were thought of as squeamish, and unable to perform tasks requiring muscle or intellect. Therefore, men acquired the â€Å"tougher,† more muscle-related jobs. Because of these views, for many centuries women were left in the home, left with no options but to cook, clean and take care her family. However, over the turn of the 19th century, women began to fight back, rioting and picketing, proclaiming their rights. How Women Were Discriminated Against Being thought of as the weaker sex kept a great majority of from accomplishing many things. Women were not allowed to vote, because men thought of the female to be intellectually inferior to him. In the first several decades of the United States, women were not allowed to own property, make a contract, to sue, or to be sued. In certain work areas a female was not permitted to work more than eight hours or to earn the same wage as a man doing the same job. Women were also unable to hold many professional vocations. A pregnant woman was often denied the option of abortion, unless her life was at stake. Often, when a woman was claimed harassment, people viewed her as crazy, or that she brought it upon herself. In early America young girls and women were also unable to pursue their dreams of an education. Of course, with no education, a lady was ineligible to hold any type of political office. Before women’s suffrage, a woman was practically incapable of doing anything other tha n cooking, cleaning, and taking care of her family. Women’s fight to stop sexual discrimination By 18th century, women had begun to speak up and organize. In 1848, the first women’s rights meeting was held in New York. The main issue was women’s suffrage, or the right for them to vote. For many years, thousands of women fought for the right to vote, among them was Susan B. Anthony, Alice Paul, and Lucretia Mott. â€Å"Some battle for woman s...

The Homestead Steel Strike of 1892

The Homestead Steel Strike of 1892 The Homestead Strike, a work stoppage  at Carnegie Steels plant at Homestead, Pennsylvania, turned into one of the most violent episodes in the American labor struggles of the late 1800s. A planned occupation of the plant turned into a bloody battle when hundreds of men from the Pinkerton Detective Agency exchanged gunfire with workers and townspeople along the banks of the Monongahela River. In a surprising twist, strikers captured a number of Pinkertons when the strikebreakers were forced to surrender. The battle on July 6, 1892 ended with a truce, and the release of prisoners. But the state militia arrived a week later to settle things in favor of the company. And two weeks later an anarchist outraged by the behavior of Henry Clay Frick, the vehemently anti-labor manager of Carnegie Steel, tried to assassinate Frick in his office. Though shot twice, Frick survived. Other labor organizations had rallied to the defense of the union at Homestead, the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers. And for a time public opinion seemed to side with the workers. But the attempted assassination of Frick, and the involvement of a known anarchist, was used to discredit the labor movement. In the end, the management of Carnegie Steel won. Background of the Homestead Plant Labor Problems In 1883 Andrew Carnegie  bought the Homestead Works, a steel plant in Homestead, Pennsylvania, east of Pittsburgh on the Monongahela River. The plant, which had been focused on producing steel rails for railroads, was changed and modernized under Carnegies ownership to produce steel plate, which could be used for production of armored ships. Carnegie,  known for uncanny business foresight, had become one of the richest men in America, surpassing the wealth of earlier millionaires such as John Jacob Astor and Cornelius Vanderbilt. Under Carnegies direction, the Homestead plant kept expanding, and the town of Homestead, which had about 2,000 residents in 1880, when the plant first opened, grew to a population of about 12,000 in 1892. About 4,000 workers were employed at the steel plant. The union representing workers at the Homestead plant, the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers, had signed a contract with Carnegies company in 1889. The contract was set to expire on July 1, 1892. Carnegie, and especially his business partner Henry Clay Frick, wanted to break the union. There has always been considerable  dispute about how much Carnegie knew of the ruthless tactics Frick planned to employ. At the time of the 1892 strike, Carnegie was at a luxurious estate he owned in Scotland. But it seems, based on letters the men exchanged, that Carnegie was fully aware of Fricks tactics. The Beginning of the Homestead Strike In 1891 Carnegie began to think about reducing wages at the Homestead plant, and when his company held meetings with the Amalgamated union in the spring of 1892 the company informed the union that it would be cutting wages at the plant. Carnegie also wrote a letter, before he left for Scotland in April 1892, which indicated that he intended to make Homestead a non-union plant. In late May, Henry Clay Frick instructed the company negotiators to inform the union that wages were being reduced. The union would not accept the proposal, which the company said was non-negotiable. In late June 1892, Frick had public notices posted in  the town of Homestead informing union members that since the union had rejected the companys offer, the company would have nothing to do with the union. And to further provoke the union, Frick began construction of what was being called Fort Frick. Tall fences were constructed around the plant, topped with barbed wire. The intent of the barricades and barbed wire was obvious: Frick intended to lock out the union and bring in scabs, non-union workers. The Pinkertons Attempted to Invade Homestead On the night of July 5, 1892, approximately 300 Pinkerton agents arrived in western Pennsylvania by train and boarded two barges which had been stocked with hundreds of pistols and rifles as well as uniforms. The barges were towed on  the Monongahela River to Homestead, where Frick assumed the Pinkertons  could land undetected in the middle of the night. Lookouts saw the barges coming and alerted the workers in Homestead, who raced to the riverbank. When the Pinkertons tried to land at dawn, hundreds of townspeople, some of them armed with weapons dating back to the Civil War, were waiting. It was never determined who fired the first shot, but a gun battle broke out. Men were killed and wounded on both sides, and the Pinkertons were pinned down on the barges, with no escape possible. Throughout the day of July 6, 1892, townspeople of Homestead tried to attack the barges, even pumping oil into the river in an attempt to set fires atop the water. Finally, late in the afternoon, some of the union leaders convinced the townspeople to let the Pinkertons surrender. As the Pinkertons left the barges to walk to a local opera house, where they would be held until the local sheriff could come and arrest them, townspeople threw bricks at them. Some Pinkertons were beaten. The sheriff arrived that night and removed the Pinkertons, though none of them were arrested or indicted for murder, as the townspeople had demanded. Newspapers had been covering the crisis for weeks, but the news of the violence created a sensation when it moved quickly across the telegraph wires. Newspaper editions were rushed out with startling accounts of the confrontation. The New York Evening World published a special extra edition with the headline: AT WAR: Pinkertons and Workers Fight at Homestead. Six steelworkers had been killed in the fighting, and would be buried in the following days. As the people in Homestead held funerals, Henry Clay Frick, in a newspaper interview, announced that he would have no dealings with the union. Henry Clay Frick Was Shot A month later, Henry Clay Frick was in his office in Pittsburgh and a young man came to see him, claiming to represent an agency that could supply replacement workers. The visitor to Frick was actually a Russian anarchist, Alexander Berkman, who had been living in New York City and who had no connection to the union. Berkman forced his way into Fricks office and shot him twice, nearly killing him. Frick survived the assassination attempt, but the incident was used to discredit the union and the American labor movement in general. The incident became a milestone in U.S. labor history, along with the Haymarket Riot and the 1894 Pullman Strike. Carnegie Succeeded in Keeping the Union Out of His Plants The Pennsylvania militia (similar to todays National Guard) took over the Homestead Plant and non-union strikebreakers were brought in to work. Eventually, with the union broken, many of the original workers returned to the plant. Leaders of the union were prosecuted, but juries in western Pennsylvania failed to convict them. While the violence had been happening in western Pennsylvania, Andrew Carnegie had been off in Scotland, avoiding the press at his estate. Carnegie would later claim that he had little to do with the violence at Homestead, but his claims were met with skepticism, and his reputation as a fair employer and philanthropist was greatly tarnished. And Carnegie did succeed in keeping unions out of his plants.

Economic recession and human behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Economic recession and human behavior - Essay Example Issues of survival will develop into reactions that are outside of social responsibility. As the economy turns downward and the financial life of members of society become increasingly more difficult to navigate, decision making becomes a confusing and difficult process. The desperation that develops when the bills are piling up and the creditors are calling can make changes in the way in which people attend to their values and personal ethics. As the job market dwindles and unemployment rises, the effects on the family become profound when housing and food become increasingly difficult to maintain. As well, increases are noticeable in domestic violence and in crime as desperation heightens emotion and lowers inhibitions. As an economic recession increases its effects on the population, taking jobs, homes, and personal identity when associated with a lifestyle, the ensuing desperation changes the way in which a culture functions and creates an unbearable tension in the dynamic of society. The term Recession refers to an economy that is not seeing growth. When two terms or more have failed to see growth, then the economy is considered in a recession. As well, when a rise in unemployment at 1.5% (Eslake) is felt and a diminished gross domestic product is experienced, these are the signs of recession. Depression is developed when a â€Å"significant and sustained downturn†(Eslake) is experienced. This is seen when a decline in the GDP is at 10% or more or when â€Å"a contradiction in real GDP lasts more than three or four years†(Eslake). An example of recession was seen in the 1980’s when the economy declined and widespread unemployment emerged. Depression occurred in the 1930’s and was marked by debilitating poverty spread throughout the United States. Unemployment and inflation contribute to the economic issues that arise during a recession. Unemployment is the percentage of people who are not employed but are looking for a

Writing to show Cause and Effect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Writing to show Cause and Effect - Essay Example cally unfit individuals in the population; thus, increasing the probability of this population suffering lifestyle diseases such as heart conditions (Herbert). Good eating regimes and frequent exercise are not only touted to be effective in increasing wellness, but also in managing stress. The following paper will focus on exercise, eating well, and increasing fitness as strategies of managing stress and increasing wellness. World health organization has identified stress as a major problem in the current world that is affecting both mental and physical health (Varvogli & Christina 76). Exercise is known to trigger a relaxation reflex on the brain that enables relief stress. Therefore, it is clear that exercise is a better way of reducing stress other than using pills and alcohol that people resort to when trying to hide from stress. The best exercise known to reduce stress is geared towards improving focused breathing, blood flow to the brain and muscle, and mindfulness meditation, all which are geared towards relaxation of mind. Good eating regimes are key to stress relieve and wellness of the body. Good eating habits and strategic exercising helps pregnant mothers and terminally ill people to regain their health easily and maintain normal body function optimally (Parker & Samson 10). Nutritional balance can be achieved by checking what people eat in the morning, lunch, and supper. Nutrition is a key component of the livelihoods on individuals, and if not observed well, then people are destined to fall sick. Currently, there are many obese children in the society signaling the relaxed nature of the upbringing system that no longer recognizes the need to keep fit. The stigma usually geared towards these obese kids usually stresses them unnecessarily. The terminally ill people in the society including cancer and HIV/AIDs patients have been shown to be the people under the highest degree of stress. A breakfast rich in cereal meals is known to counteract stress in

Montana 1948 Dream Analysis Essay Example for Free

Montana 1948 Dream Analysis Essay David, after reviewing your dream, I have concluded that you care deeply for the Sioux that live in your area. I know this because you didn’t imagine them as the stereotypical Native American, such as the ones depicted in the movies. You imagined them as normal people in normal clothes. They are dressed in jeans, cowboy boots, cotton print dresses, and flannel shirts. As they congregated on top of Circle Hill, they talked low and mourned the death of Marie. They weren’t in battle formation, seeking for revenge on whoever was responsible for Marie’s death, they were paying their respects. You know that Native Americans are no different than any other person in Bentrock and don’t deserve to be treated any differently. I believe that you are dreaming this because you want Native Americans to be considered equal amongst other people in Bentrock and throughout the country. After over hearing your parents talking about the horrific acts that Frank committed against Marie, I’m sure your care for the Native American people greatly increased. If you expressed your feelings of Native Americans, they would be extremely grateful to you. In conclusion, your dream shows that you know the truth about the Native Americans in the Bentrock area. They are normal people that live normal lives. They are no different than the white majority. They wear jeans, cowboy boots, cotton print dresses, and flannel shirts just like normal people. The fact that you view them as normal people and not the stereotypical Native American shows that you respect the culture and people of the Sioux tribe in Bentrock while other people in the area, such as Frank, don’t respect them as much.

The Divine Comedy Essays -- essays research papers

During the Middle Ages, the church was a powerful institution. It had its own government, courts, system of taxation, and laws. To live a good Christian life guaranteed access to heaven in the afterlife, and a life of sin was to be sentenced to hell. Dante Alighieri was an Italian poet, who had an admirable depth of spiritual vision and was known for his intelligence (Encarta, 1). Between the years of 1308 and 1321, Dante wrote the epic poem, 'The Divine Comedy,'; which described a journey through the afterlife. It takes place during the three days of Good Friday, when Jesus died, and on Easter Sunday when he rose body and soul to heaven. It is a moral comedy, and was written to make readers evaluate their own morals. The journey was to show readers what could happen if they live a sinful life, or if they live a godlike life. 'In the middle of the journey of our life I came to my senses in a dark forest, for I had lost the straight path. Ah! How hard a thing it is to tell what this wild and rough and difficult wood was, which in thought renews my fear! (Alighieri, 1)'; This passage tells us that Dante is lost in the middle of the woods, and he is in the middle of his life. The reason he gives for being lost is that he had become inattentive and was not paying attention to where he was going. This symbolizes how he has lost his quest for salvation. His laziness, a sin, caused him to stray from the road of salvation. He can't go back the way he came because that is the way o...

Human Nature and War Essay

The twenty first century is known to have begun just the same way that the previous century ended-within a perpetual war set- the actual words of Pinker, Hobbes and Wilson appear to hit true indeed. Therefore, the Homo Sapiens’ nature, irrespective of the perspectives of idealists like Dennis Kucinich and John Lennon, is such that the Iraq, Palestine and other few forsaken lands may not attest to the peace failure, but stands for the unavoidability of human violence. With the primarily general acceptance, in case sometimes believed reluctantly, of every individual with regard to the truth, the left antiwar has dwindled into political ambition and prowess, while Islamic, Christian together with secular Dominionists amongst individuals rush along the perspectives of the â€Å"eventual days†. However, do all these actions and perceptions perfectly describe the truth that surrounds the human condition? Could it be possible that humans are trapped, genetically and or otherwise, by the circumstances within this downward spiral into oblivion? Could individuals like Wilson, Pinker, Lorenz, Ghiglieri and Stoessinger have picked a wrong perception of humanity? It might be prudent to note that humanism is often related to the fact that individual human beings ought to understand that habits are often picked, hence they are cognitive. Just like children’s brains have been said to develop with regard to the environment within which they are raised, so is the issue regarding human violence. Every individual possesses unique capabilities, whether acquired, developed or inborn, but issues regarding wars and violence are extremely cognitive and these capabilities within individuals only perform the role of catalyzing the war-like acts. The mainstream to the international relations’ contemporary discipline still depends on key principles that were first enunciated by the Second World War era’s scholars. The comprehensive arguments of the classical realists has attained a few defining concepts within the IR and still effectively shape the general scholarly study’s orientation within the field. Wilson effectively alleged that he saw a failure in idealism to take to consideration the entire underlying natural laws, which made mankind to tend towards aggression and violence. The issue regarding human aggression and violence has been a hotly debated issue amongst international relations theorists who have been known to concentrate on the analysis based on individual levels. The human nature theorists have been said to keenly focus on how individual attributes and characteristics might interact with the distinct social environment into producing particular violent situations e. g.wars. However, besides focusing on the physical, external environment, the cognitive theorists have been forefront in providing an explanation regarding the fact that the war-like situations or individual propensities to violence are often tied to their mental processes. These cognitive theorists are often convinced that personality, intelligence, as well as learning are often the key relations to aggressive behavior. Although there might never exist scholarly agreements that pin down the key motivator to war, there certainly is one factor that might seem too weighty with regard to the same. On the other hand, motivations might present themselves within different perspectives for the individuals initiating violence than for the individuals undertaking the violence acts. For instance, within the 3rd Punic War, the leaders of Rome might have wished to create war using Carthage in order to attain an effective means of eliminating an extremely resurgent rival, although the individual soldiers might have received the motivation from a desire to obtain money. Since several individuals are involved, violence activities might acquire a life of their own, from distinct motivations’ confluence. Within the text, Why Nations Go to War, written by Stoessinger John G. , this author effectively points out the fact that every side often claims that their fight is often justified by morality. He also argues that any rationale for starting a war often relies upon the overly optimistic outcome assessment of hostilities (costs and causalities), as well as the foe’s intentions’ misperceptions. Most cognitive theorists believe in the fact that previous war environments often lead individuals into planning, as well as assessing various other ways of executing activities that result to war. Since the tactical and strategic warfare aspects are dynamic, doctrines and theories associated with warfare are always created after, during or even before each major war. Grossman, another cognitive theorist claimed that each age had its own war type, its own limiting factors, as well as its own peculiar or unique preconceptions. However, the constant factor is the employment of an extremely organized level of violence by the war activities together with the life and property destructions, which necessarily follow. This depicts the fact that these activities are often linked to a sequence of activities that might have happened previously; thus adopted. The society, therefore, adopts previous aggressiveness and creates more activities that are geared towards war. With regard to aggression, most human nature theorists, including Lorenz have a belief that the attribute is often involuntary and often originates from within. However, although Fry agrees with the fact that aggression might have been a part of the nature of human beings, perhaps even neurologically or genetically, but the way in which aggression is often played out bases itself on culture rather than just nature. Nomadic hunters and gatherers (currently or in the past), are considered egalitarian societies that are not entirely absent of all limited violence or aggression, but all its members might not practice extreme or wide scale violence within warfare. Instead, they possess several methods of managing conflicts and reconciliation techniques that minimize aggression or violence. Therefore, in this case, it should be prudent to note that there might be several examples within human nature of cooperation and peace within the human history’s bulk than of war and violence. On the contrary, social democrats together with socialists happen to maintain the Marxist ideology that every human being is infinitely good and malleable, although this notion might not effectively work either. With regard to human behavior, it is obvious that nature takes up a considerable role regulating it. Pinker might be extremely right when he argues that individuals never get into this world in the form of ‘bank slates’. Moreover, the words ‘bad’ or ‘good are so superficial and vague that they cannot do individuals any real service. On the other hand, Left-Libertarians, anarchists together with other progressives joined hands with cognitive theorists in effectively agreeing that human beings are neither bad nor good, and that they are a combination of nurture and nature, and that under particular conditions, certain human adaptations (or traits) might effectively emerge penultimate. This, therefore, signifies the fact that every violence related activity is often fueled by both the nature of human beings together with the environmental influences that surround him (Alcock, 2001). Yet the classical realist conception’s legacy of an extreme aggressive and egoistic humanity may still be reflected within the several distinct ways within contemporary international relations. An individualistic and competitive view regarding human nature still appears to underlie a variety of arguments regarding international politics, informing the ultimate, key security dilemma concept. Because humans are often viewed as lustful towards power, as well as individual desires and gains, no group or individual may be secure from others’ threat. These others might be distinct, foreign, and alien and could thus be considered as opposed. Within the state system and the contemporary international politics, business as usual depends on the difference demonization and the expulsion and rejection of the other so as to reify borders and foster national identity. Although several human nature theorists strive to bring their ideology to table regarding the inner being that exhibits activities that relate to violence, none of them compares to Pinker, a master phrase-turner, as well as a handy individual with regard to concepts (Dawkins, 1981). He makes use of the gear concept to explain the fact that a gene, which disrupts a mental capability does not need to be defective; in a similar way, genes can effectively impact on the number of complex traits within humans. He, therefore, concludes that genes have the ability to result to a variety of social disruptions. According to him, these genes might be hereditary or acquired through transfusions (1981). Pinker effectively concentrates on three distinct ideological myths or dogma, which inform all academic theories regarding the human nature. First the notion of the blank slate that addresses the fact that the environment is the key impact to human nature (e. g. violence activities); often, lip service is accorded to innate structure, although after that, anything could be extremely possible to the unlimited ability of human brain to learn as long as the right environment is accorded. Second is the ghost within the machine that explains that the mind, soul and psyche are distinct from brain, body and matter (Dawkins, 1981). Often, this always attains a reference of dualism; it effectively sets up an extreme distinction between psychology-neurology, mind-brain, man-animal etc. This could be said to be among the considerable disasters of the western thought, and often gets into the way of human happiness. The third notion addresses the idea of romantics or savage, which claims that natural things are often good and unblemished as long as they are not tainted by the society. With this regard, Pinker explains that every individual human is responsible for his activities without any particular influence from the environment (Carl, 1991). It could then be argued after reading Fry’s piece that there could be extremely something distinct within nomadic hunters and gatherers than within states or chiefdoms that might lead individuals to ever increasing warfare and violence. Cognitive theories maintain that all human attributes and behavior including violent attributes are often learned via interaction with the entire social environment. The theorists assert that individuals are never born with any violent dispositions. Rather, they often acquire information and learn to act and think violently from their daily experiences. Proponents to the behaviorist tradition insist that these experiences might incorporate the observations made to friends and families being rewarded for their absolute violent tendencies, or even making observations regarding the media glorification of violence. For instance studies about family life exhibit the fact that aggressive children always reflect the behaviors or attributes of their parents. Several studies have also revealed that individuals who live within violent prone communities often learn to reflect the aggressive nature of their neighbors. Cognitive theorists have effectively argued that the following factors aid in yielding violent behaviors and wars: 1. A stressful stimulus or event- like a challenge, assault or threat. 2. Aggressive techniques or skills acquired through continuously observing others’ behavioral tendencies. 3. The belief that violence or aggression may be socially rewarded (for example by earning other individuals’ praise, providing material goods, enhancing self esteem or reducing frustration). 4. An extreme value system, which condones violent and aggressive acts in particular social contexts. Earlier, empirical tests to these four principles were perceived as promising (Bartol, 2002). Due to this, behavioral theory contributed directly to the effective development and integration of social learning, deviance theories, among the most influential and significant of all known criminological theories may be subject to detailed discussions within the report titled: Social Learning and Violence. Although social Darwinism might have declined within popular favor as a result of the World Wars’ experience, the 20th century might not have seen the eventual attempts to elaborate human behavior with regard to evolved genetic predispositions. The sociobiology founder, Edward Wilson, defined this as a systematic biological basis’ study of every social behavior. This evolutionary theory branch inspired a variety of scholars of the IR to revisit arguments that are classical and realists with regard to human nature, despite Waltz’s individual concerns together with investigating their confidence within evolutionary science. These scholars have been seeking to combine the rational choice theory’s elements with revolutionary arguments in a bid to provide proof of the claims that might have been previously considered insignificant and unknowable. This entire sentiment is effectively addressed within perhaps the boldest way by Thayer Bradley in an article International Security published in 2000.

Learning style Essay

There is no credible evidence that learning styles exist. While we will elaborate on this assertion, it is important to counteract the real harm that may be done by equivocating on the matter. In what follows, we will begin by defining â€Å"learning styles†; then we will address the claims made by those who believe that they exist, in the process acknowledging what we consider the valid claims of learning-styles theorists. But in separating the wheat from the pseudoscientific chaff in learning-styles theory, we will make clear that the wheat is contained in other educational approaches as well. A belief in learning styles is not necessary to incorporating useful knowledge about learning into one’s teaching. We will then discuss the reasons why learning styles beliefs are so prevalent. Finally, we will offer suggestions about collegiate pedagogy, given that we have no evidence learning styles do not exist. What is a Learning Style? The claim at the center of learning-styles theory is this: Different students have different modes of learning, and their learning could be improved by matching one’s teaching with that preferred learning mode. The way theorists have defined â€Å"modes of learning† has changed over the more than 50 years that this concept has been in vogue. Proposed modes have included dichotomies such as linear vs. holistic, impulsive vs. reflective, reasoning vs. insight, and visual vs. verbal. The most popular current conception of learning styles equates style with the preferred bodily sense through which one receives information, whether it be visual, auditory, or kinesthetic (for some reason, no one claims that there are tactile or olfactory learners). We use this sensory definition of learning styles in the examples below, but our conclusions apply equally to other definitions. As you will see, the claim that the mode of presentation should match the preferred mode of learning subsumes several other claims, and it is worth unpacking the learning-styles concept in order to consider its constituent subclaims separately. Which Claims of Learning-Styles Theorists are Correct? We believe that some general assertions of learning-styles proponents have nearly universal consensus, based on a wealth of evidence. We begin by acknowledging the truth of these claims in order to differentiate them from other ones without support. The first claim is this: Learners are different from each other, these differences affect their performance, and teachers should take these differences into account. This is true and recognized by educators and cognitive scientists alike. While many of those scientists seek to discover general principles of learning, we all acknowledge that there are differences among students. Understanding these differences and applying that understanding in the classroom can improve everyone’s education. We can find further agreement on some of the differences that matter for learning. First, whether we call it talent, ability, or intelligence, people vary in their capacity to learn different areas of content. One of the authors (Riener) has fraternal twin sons, and despite having most of the same experiences, one has learned to read earlier and the other is a better basketball player. This is clearly due to genetic differences in talent rather than a bizarre experiment in which the parents decided that one would be a basketball player and the other a professor. With educators under 6 feet tall for both parents and grandparents, they are both probably doomed to proceed to graduate school rather than to the NBA. Second, and often intertwined with ability, students differ in their interests. If a student loves the piano, or basketball, or chess, or the biology of frogs, that student will no doubt learn material related to that subject faster than another one who does not share that fascination. We all agree that interest and attention are preconditions of learning and vary from student to student, depending on the subject. Third, students differ in their background knowledge, and that difference influences their learning. This is obviously true in the sense that a large vocabulary allows one to read a wider variety of books. And it is further true in fields such as history: One can’t hope to learn much about the causes and consequences of the American Civil War without knowing facts about the growth and separation of the colonies, the history of economic differences between the North and the South, political facts about our three branches of government, etc. But background knowledge is also quite important in things we think of as skills. For example, learning basic math facts is critical to the acquisition of later math skills. Finally, some students have specific learning disabilities, and these affect their learning in specific ways. For example, there is considerable research on dyslexia and the strategies for addressing it. These strategies of course differ from those appropriate for those students on the autistic spectrum or those with hearing difficulties. In each of these cases, a specific difference in the student calls for individual diagnosis and attention. So in claiming that learning styles do not exist, we are not saying that all learners are the same. Rather, we assert that a certain number of dimensions (ability, background knowledge, interest) vary from person to person and are known to affect learning. The emphasis on learning styles, we think, often comes at the cost of attention to these other important dimensions. What Do Learning-Styles Theorists Get Wrong? The next claim is that learners have preferences about how to learn that are independent of both ability and content and have meaningful implications for their learning. These preferences are not â€Å"better† or â€Å"faster,† according to learning-styles proponents, but merely â€Å"styles. † In other words, just as our social selves have personalities, so do our memories. Students do have preferences about how they learn. Many students will report preferring to study visually and others through an auditory channel. However, when these tendencies are put to the test under controlled conditions, they make no difference—learning is equivalent whether students learn in the preferred mode or not. A favorite mode of presentation (e. g. , visual, auditory, or kinesthetic) often reveals itself to be instead a preference for tasks for which one has high ability and at which one feels successful. But even if we did identify preferences that were independent of ability, finding ones that are independent of content is a much trickier proposition. If I were to tell you â€Å"I want to teach you something. Would you rather learn it by seeing a slideshow, reading it as text, hearing it as a podcast, or enacting it in a series of movements,† do you think you could answer without first asking what you were to learn—a dance, a piece of music, or an equation? While it may seem like a silly example, the claim of the learning styles approach is that one could make such a choice and improve one’s learning through that choice, independent of content. We all agree that some kids show more interest in math, some start their education more interested in poetry, and others are more interested in dodgeball. The proof that the learning-styles theorist must find is that for some sort of content—whether it be math, poetry, or dodgeball—changing the mode of presentation to match the learning styles helps people learn. That evidence has simply not been found. Finally, we arrive at the critical and specific claim of learning-styles proponents: Learning could be improved by matching the mode of instruction to the preferred learning style of the student. Learning-styles believers do not make the claim that students sort neatly into sensory categories: One need not be purely visual, auditory or kinesthetic. But according to the theory, an educator should be able to improve the performance of those who have a strong preference for one of these sensory styles by matching instruction to their preference. Failure to find any experimental support for matching the mode of instruction to a preferred learning style would simply leave us where we were at the end of the section above: Students have different interests, backgrounds, and abilities. And indeed, a recent review article in the journal Psychological Science in the Public Interest by a group of distinguished memory researchers sought to find evidence for this claim in particular. If you are visual, you should learn better with a visual presentation of information than with an auditory one. If you are auditory, you should learn better with auditory materials than with visual ones. Each of this pair of results is necessary to support this element of learning-styles theory. But experiments that tested this prediction with a variety of content material have not found support for it. While such evidence of learning styles would serve as a proof that they exist, the lack of evidence does not prove definitively that they do not exist. However, in order to persuade us to devote the time and energy to adopt a certain kind of differentiated teaching, the burden of proof is on those who argue for the existence of that description of students’ cognitive strategies. In other words, a good rule of thumb is that we should only bring ideas from the laboratory into our teaching if (1) we are sure that the laboratory phenomena exist under at least some conditions and (2) we understand how to usefully apply these laboratory phenomena to instruction. The first of these two conditions is not met for learning styles, and the first is obviously a precondition for the second. Why Does the Belief in Learning Styles Persevere? What are the reasons for this myth’s perseverance? First, we think that a belief in learning styles persists because the more general claims (the ones we addressed above) are true. Learners do differ from one another. But many who believe in the myth do not consider the critical differences between styles and abilities. Teachers should take into account the differences in learners’ abilities. And adjusting a lesson not just to be appropriately pitched at the students’ level of ability but to take into account their background knowledge and interests is surely an important first step in fostering learning. Second, a belief in learning styles fits into an egalitarian view of education: Everyone has value, according to the theory, and everyone has strengths. The corollary for some learning-styles theorists is that if you think that the theory is wrong, you must think that all students are identical—which is obviously untrue. Again, we agree that students differ and all students have value, but we do not need learning-styles theory to convince us of that. Third, learning-styles theory has succeeded in becoming â€Å"common knowledge. † Its widespread acceptance serves as an unfortunately compelling reason to believe it. This is accompanied by a well-known cognitive phenomenon called the confirmation bias. When evaluating our own beliefs, we tend to seek out information that confirms our beliefs and ignore contrary information, even when we encounter it repeatedly. When we see someone who professes to be a visual learner excel at geography and an auditory learner excel at music, we do not seek out the information which would disprove our interpretation of these events (can the auditory learner learn geography through hearing it? Can the visual learner become better at music by seeing it? ) Why Should College Educators Care? We have addressed the direct costs of the learning-styles myth above, but there are considerable opportunity costs as well. The same research in cognitive science and education that has failed to find evidence for learning styles has offered many insights into how memory does work. Mindset (2006) by Stanford psychologist Carol Dweck is an excellent summary of the interesting ways that incentives—both carrots and sticks—as well as internal drives influence learning. And Henry L. Roediger and his associates at Washington University in St. Louis have demonstrated the value of testing for learning. Even the act of taking a test when one does not know the answers can support learning the correct answers faster and more effectively. Of course learning is an enormously complex activity, and this is not the place to outline all of the basic research on learning. We seek only to emphasize that attention to learning styles, for which evidence has not been found, may lead educators to neglect research on learning for which there is solid scientific support. Even though the belief in learning styles has influenced pedagogy in the schools far more than it has in higher education, we believe that there are several other reasons faculty might pay attention to the fact that researchers have failed to find evidence of learning styles, reasons that have important implications for the college classroom. First, when we poll our undergraduate classes on the belief in a number of myths of popular psychology, the one that â€Å"people have their own learning styles† is typically endorsed by more than 90 percent of our students. This belief has the potential to shape and constrain the experience that students have in the college classroom. For example, if a student believes she is a visual learner and therefore disengages and daydreams when a lecturer turns off the PowerPoint and tells a story, this will prevent her from learning the concept through a compelling narrative. And while these beliefs may not have as direct an impact on performance reviews as they do in K-12 settings, a belief in learning styles occasionally shows up in student evaluations of teaching: â€Å"I am a visual learner, so the visual examples were good,† or â€Å"I am an auditory learner, so more auditory content would have helped. † Second, learning-styles theory is sometimes offered as a reason to include digital media in the classroom. While including multimedia may be a good idea in general (variety in modes of presentation can hold students’ attention and interest, for example), it is not necessary to tailor your media to different learning styles. We shouldn’t congratulate ourselves for showing a video to engage the visual learners or offering podcasts to the auditory learners. Rather, we should realize that the value of the video or audio will be determined by how it suits the content that we are asking students to learn and the background knowledge, interests, and abilities that they bring to it. Instead of asking whether we engaged the right sense (or learning mode), we should be asking, what did students think about while they were in class? Finally, when one has the opportunity in a smaller class to collect information about students and more specifically to tailor a lesson to that particular group of students, it is a waste of time to assess learning styles rather than, for instance, background knowledge. The latter can obviously be extremely useful. We often use prerequisites to ensure common background knowledge of students in a given class, but assessment at the beginning of a class can be an excellent reminder of how little of the prerequisite course content is easily recalled. Assessment of student interest can also be a useful tool for deciding how to approach the material in a given class. Some indication can be gained by what majors are represented in the class, but more specific interests assessed through a brief questionnaire or class discussion can also be useful in certain situations, such as small or homogeneous classes. So here is the punch line: Students differ in their abilities, interests, and background knowledge, but not in their learning styles. Students may have preferences about how to learn, but no evidence suggests that catering to those preferences will lead to better learning. As college educators, we should apply this to the classroom by continuing to present information in the most appropriate manner for our content and for the level of prior knowledge, ability, and interests of that particular set of students. Resources 1. Dweck, C. (2006) Mindset: The new psychology of success, Random House, New York, NY. 2. Paschler, H. , McDaniel, M. , Rohrer, D. and Bjork, R. (2010) Learning styles: Concepts and evidence. Psychological Science in the Public Interest 9, pp. 105-119. 3. Roediger, H. L. and Karpicke, J. D. (2006) The power of testing memory: Basic research and implications for educational practice. Perspectives on Psychological Science 1, pp. 181-210. Cedar Riener is an assistant professor of psychology at Randolph-Macon College. Daniel Willingham is a professor of psychology at the University of Virginia. He blogs at the Washington Post and is the author of Why Don’t Students Like School? (Jossey-Bass, 2009). Related Notes Change Magazine – September-October 2010The Myth of Learning Styles by Cedar Riener and Daniel Willingham There is no credible evidence that learning styles exist. While we will elaborate on this assertion, it is important to counteract the†¦ Learning with ‘e’s: A convenient untruthThursday, 24 November 2011 A convenient untruth What do you think is the teacher’s worst enemy? Some would say lack of time. Others would say unsupportive leadership, or the dreaded government inspect†¦

Post Sigmoid Coletomy Care Essays

Post Sigmoid Coletomy Care Essays Post Sigmoid Coletomy Care Essay Post Sigmoid Coletomy Care Essay This paper will critically examine the care needs and management of Mr Braun. An appropriate framework will be used, namely the ABCDE. Alternative treatment will be analysed using the 5 WHs critical decision making too (Jasper, 2006)l. His care will be based upon the nursing process ensuring that patient outcomes are agreed, implemented and evaluated. The assessment framework to be used is this assessment is the ABCDE assessment framework. The ABCDE framework looks at Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, and Exposure/Elimination. The reason for choosing this framework is that it uses a systematic method of assessing, it aids with elimination of post op complications. In addition, it is a commonly accepted framework which is widely used and can be used in critical care situations, pre post-operative care and emergency situations. Furthermore, it allows the nurse to use her skills in accessing the patient’s needs. The disadvantages of the framework are that it is a medical model in the sense that it looks specifically at the biological aspects of care and lumps emotional/psychological/cultural/social care under the exposure/elimination catergory. Therefore it does not promote exploring these issues in great detail (Younker, 2008 Hargan 2012) Cancer Physiology Bowel cancer normally starts in the rectum or sigmoid colon. It starts as adematous polyps and then progresses to adematous carcinomas. It spreads by direct extension via the bowel circumference, submucousa and outer bowel wall layers. It can also spread to other areas by direct extension, for example, to the liver, pancreas and spleen. Metastasis is normally by way of the surround lymphnodes. Primary cancerous cells can also travel into the lymphatic and circulatory system causing secondary cancer in other organs such as liver and pancreas (LeMone Burke, 2003). Mr Braun is undergoing an operation for his sigmoid colon cancer. One route to take would be the traditional method. This consists of open bowel surgery. This entails making a large opening. A bowel prep is given prior to surgery, there is a longer starvation process, which can cause dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. Furthermore, it causes stress on the body, insulin resistance in the body is longer and the recovery period is longer. In addition it causes longer paralytic ileus (Siddiqui et al. , 2012). The alternative treatment to the traditional method would be the laparoscopic method. Mr Braun would have a smaller incision, therefore making a quicker recovery. He would be in less pain and would be able to mobilise quicker. He would have a quicker return of GI function and a lesser period of paralytic ileus. He would be able to deep breath better as he would not be experiencing a lot of pain, therefore he would be at less risk of contracting a chest infection. This would all work towards him having an earlier discharge, for example, 3-5 days post op compared to anywhere between 8-12 days on the traditional method. Research has also shown that community rehabilitation is much quicker, 2-3 weeks rather than 6-8 weeks on the traditional method (Jenson 2011). Further research shows that patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery have fewer complications post discharge (Hargan 2012). It appears then the laparoscopic route has better outcomes for the patient and in addition, the NHS. Being able to discharge a patient between 3-5 days who experience fewer complications post operatively not only frees up beds but costs less to treat the patient. Therefore, after weighing up the pros and the cons of both the traditional and the laparscopic it would seem that Mr Braun would be better off having the laparoscopic route. It appears from research that the lapascopic route is the route which is used in almost 90% of colorectal surgery. However, the route that is taken ultimately depends on the surgeon’s choice. Prior to collecting the patient from the recovery room Before collecting Mr Braun from the recovery room I will need to check the bed area. This includes checking that the oxygen is working. I will need to ensure that there is a nasal tube and a venturi mask. I will also need to check the suction is working and ensure that a new tube is present by the bedside. I will also need to make there is a yonker. I will put a dynamap beside the bed which will allow me to take Mr Braun’s clinical observations on return to the ward. I will also ensure that a drip stand is next to the bed as he may be on fluids or have a PCA on his return to the ward (Nicol et al. 2012). Collecting the patient from the recovery room On collecting the patient from recovery, I will take with me a kidney bowel in case the patient needs to be sick on his return journey, a pair of gloves, a oropharyngeal (geudel) airway in case his airway becomes compromised in anyway and a pocket mask for mouth to mouth. My first priority is to ensure that Mr Braun is safe to return to the ward. I will check his level of consciousness using the AVPU tool. This tool looks at whether he is Alert, whether he responds to Voice or whether he only responds to Pain and whether he is Unconscious. I will then take a handover from the recovery nurse. This should include informing me of the procedure Mr Braun has had, how well he has responded to the surgery and his current responsiveness/consciousness level. I would need to check with the recovery nurse whether his vital signs are within the normal range. This is for patient safety which is paramount and is at the centre of nursing care. This would need to be checked against the Early Warning Score (EWS) system which includes level of consciousness, the physiological parameters, for example, temperature, blood pressure, Oxygen saturation (SATS), respiratory rate, pulse and urine output. The EWS gives an overall score which informs me whether or not it is safe to take Mr Braun back to the ward. The recovery nurse would also inform me which medications he has had, information regarding IV fluids, how long they should run for and whether more are needed when it finishes and check they are written up on the drug chart. In addition, I would need to see the wound bed. This would help with later assessment on the ward where I would be able to compare whether there has been any further bleeding or leakage. I would need to see the stoma site. The recovery nurse would inform me whether Mr Braun had a urinary catheter and whether there had been any urine output. After handover I would say hello to the patient and manually take his pulse so that I can get an indication of his heart rate (Nicol et al. 2012). On the ward On returning to the ward I will orientate the patient. I will inform him of every procedure that I do so that I can gain informed consent (NMC 2012). I will immediately carry out a set of clinical observations. This is so I can make a comparison with his perioperative baseline. Although doing the clinical observations with the dynamap, I will manually take his pulse as it is vital that I know whether it is regular/irregular, strong or weak. ABCDE Assessment Airway The best way to check the airway is to speak to ask the patient and get him to respond to you. If he is able to talk in normally, this will be indicative of his airway being patent. I would need to listen to whether there are any sounds, like barking or gurgling as this could indicate that there is partial obstruction. I would also need to check whether Mr Braun is experiencing any nausea or vomiting. If Mr Braun is experiencing this I would need to immediately administer an anti-emetic as per drug chart instruction. This would help prevent the risk of pulmonary aspiration. I would also need to check whether Mr Braun has any allergies. I would ensure that he is wearing two red wrist bands with the allergies clearly written on them so that other staff members are aware. His allergies would be documented in his nursing notes and on his drug chart with information on what sort of reaction he experiences. Assessing whether Mr Braun has any allergies is extremely important as allergic reactions can cause swelling of the tongue and in the throat which would compromise his airway and leave him with difficulties breathing (Resuscitation Council UK, 2012). Breathing I would now assess breathing by checking Mr Braun’s respiratory rate (RR). The normal range is between 12-20 breaths per minute. In PAC, his RR was slightly raised. This could have been due to anxiety but was more than likely due to his anaemia (this will be looked at further under circulation). I will be able to gain a comparison and start looking for a trend. It is important that the RR is counted for a full minute. His breathing may be irregular and therefore not counting the full minute would give an inaccurate measurement. I would also check Mr Braun’s SATS. The normal range should be 95%. Checking his SATS will inform me whether he is getting enough oxygen and whether his tissues are being perfused adequately. Lack of oxygen can cause hypoxia which if not managed will lead to multiple organ dysfunction and ultimately death. I will also therefor check for cyanosis as this will also inform me whether he is lacking oxygen. It is important to look at how Mr Braun is breathing. For example, is he struggling to breath, is he breathing deeply or is it shallow. Does he have to use his accessory muscles to help him breath. I would check whether his chest is rising equally on both sides. I would also speak as him a question to ascertain whether he is able to speak in full sentences because someone who is struggling to breathe is unable to speak in full sentences. I would look at whether he is breathing fast or slow. Furthermore, I would look at how he is sitting, for example, is he leaning to one side. Also when you are assessing breathing it is important to listen for any wheeze or stridor. RR is one of the first things to alter when a patient is deteriorating. It is vital that if Mr Braun is experiencing any of the above, the nurse responds quickly. The first thing would be to check whether he is written up for any more oxygen and if so to increase it. The nurse would then have to check in RR and SATS again after 15 minutes to ascertain whether there was any improvement or further deterioration even. If the patient was deteriorating further the nurse would need to involve the doctor who would be able to review Mr Braun immediately and give further instructions on his care (Queen Mary University City University, 2006). Circulation An assessment of Mr Braun’s pulse needs to be undertaken. This will allow the nurse to ascertain his heart rate. In addition, it would allow me to feel whether his pulse is strong or weak and whether it is regular or irregular. The normal resting pulse should be between 60-80 beats per minute (bpm). In the PAC, Mr Braun was slightly tachycardic, which could be due to anxiety of his diagnosis, hearing about the treatment he would receive or his prognosis. By taking his pulse it will allow for a baseline, pre-operative and peri-operative comparison. His blood pressure (BP) would also be assessed. The normal ranges are 90/60-140/90. Mr Braun’s BP in PAC was 135/80. Although this is still within the normal range, it is slightly high. However, this would be an appropriate BP given his age. It is vital that clinical observations are carried out every 15 minutes for the first two hours post-op as there is a higher risk of complications occurring and clinical signs are the physiological parameters which tell you whether a patient is deteriorating or improving. For example, if a patient is tachycardic and hypotensive this could be indicative of hypovolaemic shock which would need to be managed immediately as this can lead to potential death. It is vital when taking clinical observations that the nurse is aware that she should not only rely on the measurements. This is because a patient can be in hypovolaemic shock and still have a normal BP. This is because in hypovolaemic shock, the compensatory mechanisms take over and the body will do everything it can to keep the BP at normal level. Therefore, it is vital that the nurse also observes what the patient looks like, for example, does he look palor, he is sweaty or clammy. These are all important factors when carry out clinical observations. When a patient undergoes surgery he has enforced reduced mobility. Mr Braun will be in bed for a while and due to these factors is therefore at risk of Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT), which is one of the highest cause of PE leading to hospital deaths. The nurse should check whether he still has his TED stockings on and check that they are not rolled down or creased as this may prevent them from achieving good prophylaxis. Furthermore it could compromise his skin integrity. Mr Braun will probably also be prescribed oral or subcutaneous anticoagulants as a further prevention of DVT. Mr Braun’s Hb levels should be checked to ensure that his anaemia is improving. If Mr Braun was assessed in PAC as having met the criteria, which is expected to make a good recovery, for the ERP, his anaemia would have been dealt with prior to him being admitted. He would have been assessed for any co-morbidities and his GP would have been involved to treat his anaemia. If his anaemia had not been treated, prior to his admission, it is likely that Mr Braun would have undergone a blood transfusion during surgery. This would mean that he would have a cannula in situ which would need to be assessed to check for phlebitis. This would need to be documented on the VIP chart (Hargan 2012). The cannula needs to be checked to ascertain whether it is patent. The date of insertion should also be noted on the VIP chart as it is not allowed to stay in for longer than 72 hours. Mr Braun will also have a catheter in situ. Therefore it is important to check for urine output. Mr Braun should have a urine output of 0. 5ml/kg/hr, in other words half his body weight per hour. Therefore if Mr Braun weighs 80kg, he should have a urine output of 40mls per hour. If going through the traditional method, Mr Braun would have to have a low residue diet approx. 2 days prior to the operation. He would only be allowed clear fluids approximately 12-18 hours before surgery and would then be starved from the midnight before the day of surgery to prevent aspiration. Research has shown that prolonged starvation causes dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. It causes the body to experience insulin resistance for longer and cause the body more stress (Burch Slater 2012). In contrast, he would have been given carbohydrate loading prior to surgery in the form of iso-osmolarity which 90% passes through the stomach within 90 minutes therefore he would have been able to have it one and a half hours prior to surgery. This would cause less insulin resistance and put his body through less stress. He would be able to come off any IV fluids as he would be encourage to eat and drink at will post operatively.